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Respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? | provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air adn circulating blood, moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs, protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment, produces sound, participates in olfactory sense |
| How does air enter the respiratory system? | through the nostrils into the nasal vestibule lined with nasal hairs, which are he first particle filtration system |
| What is in the nasal cavity? | nasal septum, made of the ethmoid and vomer. |
| What do the mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears do? | clean and moisten the nasal cavity |
| What does the superior portion of nasal cavity provide? | it is the olfactory region and provides sense of smell |
| What is the hard palate? | the floor of nasal cavity that separates nasal and oral cavities |
| What is the soft palate? | extends posterior to hard palate |
| What is the meatuses? | constricted passageways that produce air turbulence and warm and humidify incoming air and traps particles |
| What is the nasal mucosa do? | Warm and humidify inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory organs |
| What is the pharynx? | a chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems |
| What is the nasopharynx? | contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes |
| What is the oropharynx? | communicates with the oral cavity |
| What is the laryngopharynx? | extends from hyoid bone to entrance to larynx and esophagus |
| What are the cartilages of the larynx? | thyroid cricoid, and epiglottis |
| What is sound production? | air passing through the glottis |
| What is phonation? | sound production at the larynx (pure sound) |
| What is articulation? | modification of sound by other structures |
| How does the right lung differ from the left lung? | 3 lobes, wider and displaced by the liver |
| How does the left lung differ from the right lung? | 2 lobes, longer and displaced by the heart |
| How many primary bronchi are there ? | 2 |
| What are the primary bronchi separated by? | the carina |
| How does the right primary bronchi differ from the left? | is larger in diameter and descends at a steeper angle |
| What does the autonomic center control? | regulates smooth muscle and dilates bronchial airways |
| What are pulmonary lobules? | smallest compartments of the lungs |
| What is surfactant? | an oily secretion |
| What makes up the respiratory membrane? | thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place |
| What are the 3 parts of the respiratory membrane? | squamous epithelial lining of alveolus, endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary, fused basal laminae between alveolar and endothelial cells |
| What is the intrapulmonary pressure? | pressure inside respiratory tract, at the alveoli |
| What is the intrapleural pressure? | pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleural |
| What are the 3 muscle groups of inhalation? | diaphragm, external intracostal muscles, and accessory muscles |
| How do you calculate the respiratory minute volume? | respiratory rate x tidal volume |
| How do you calculate alveolar ventilation? | (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x respiratory rate |
| What is tidal volume? | 4.5L to 5L |
| What is the expiratory reserve volume? | after normal exhalation (700ml F- 1100-1200 M) |
| What is residual volume? | after maximal exhalation 1200 M 1100F |
| What is inspiratory reserve volume? | after a normal inspiration 3100 M 1900 F |
| What is the formula for Inspiratory capacity? | Tidal volume + IRV |
| what is the formula for functional residual capacity? | ERV + residual volume |
| what is the formula for vital capacity? | tidal volume + ERV + IRV |
| what is the formula for total lung capacity? | VC + residual volume |
| What is the partial pressure for PO2 at arterial level? At venous level? | 100mmHg 40mmHg |
| What is the partial pressure for PCO2 at arterial level? At venous level? | 40mmHg 45mmHg |
| What is the hemoglobin saturation curve? | graph relating the structure of hemoglobin to partial pressure of oxygen |
| Why is the hemoglobin saturation curve a curve instead of a line? | this is because hemoglobin changes shape each time a molecule of O2 is bound |
| What happens to the oxygen saturation curve when pH drops or temperature rises? | more oxygen released and the curve shifts to the right |
| What happens to the oxygen saturation curve when pH rises or temperature drops? | less oxygen is released and curve shifts to the left |
| What is the Bohr effect? | is the effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation curve, caused by CO2, Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH |
| Where is CO2 in the bloodstream? | 70% transported as Hydrogen ions and bicarb, 23% is bound to amino groups of globular proteins in carbaminohemoglobin, 7% transported as CO2 dissolved in plasma |
| How does temperature effect hemoglobin? | as temp increases HB release more O2, only in active tissues, good because active tissues need more O2 |
| What does the Dorsal respiratory group do? (medulla) | DRG controls the inspiratory center, functions in quiet and forced breathing |
| What does the ventral respiratory group do? (medulla) | VRG controls inspiratory and expiratory center, functions only in forced breathing |
| What does the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the pons do? | paired nucleui that adjust output of respiratory rhythmicity, regulates respiration rate and depth of respiration. apneustic center provides continuous stimulation to its DRG center. |
| What do pneumotaxic centers do? | inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation |
| Interactions between VRG and DRG? | establish the basic pace and depth of respiration |
| What does the pneumotaxic center do? | modifies the pace |
| What are the 5 sensory modifiers? | chemoreceptors in blood or cerebrospial fluid, baroreceptors in aortic and carotic sinuses, stretch receptors, irritating physical or chemical stimuli, pain, changes in body temp, abnormal visceral sensations |
| Where is the glossopharyngeal nerve? | from the carotid bodies, and stimulated by changes in blood, pH or PO2 |
| Where is the vagus nerve? | from the aortic bodies, and stimulated by changes in blood, pH or PO2 |
| What is hypercapnia? | an increase in arterial PCO2, stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla to restore homeostasis, |
| What is hyperventilation? | excessive ventilation, results in abnormally low PCO2, stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate |
| What is hypoventilation? | abnormally low respiratory rate, allows CO2 to build up in blood |
| what are the baroreceptor reflexes? | carotid and aortic baroreceptor stimulation affects blood pressure and respiration centers |
| What happens when blood pressure falls? | respiration increases |
| What happens when blood pressure increases? | respiration decreases |
| What is the herring-breuer reflex? | 2 baroreceptor reflexes in volved in forced breathing inflation reflex prevents over expansion of the lungs |
| What is the deflation reflex? | inhibits expiratory centers and stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation |
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