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chp 12 genetics

QuestionAnswer
What is the central problem of replication? copying a large amount of information at breakneck speed with NO errors.
What are the 3 modes or replication? conservative, dispersive, and semi-conservative (the only right one) replication
Who used an experiment to determine which mode of replication was true? meselson and Stahl discovered that semi replication was true.
Semi conservative replication each original DNA strand serves as a template (pattern) for a new complementary strand so the final 2 molecules are a mix of both old and new.
Conservative replication the entire dsDNA molecule is template for whole new molecule of DNA and the original molecule is FULLY conservative.
Dispersive replication both nucleotide strands break down (disperse) and act as templates for new DNA and then reassemble into two complete DNA molecules, each with parts of the old and new. None of original molecule is conserved.
What are the 3 modes of replication? Theta, rolling circle, and linear.
What is a replicon? the individual unit of replication containing an origin of replication; bacteria have ONE replication origin and eukaryotic chromosomes have several!
What is theta replication? in bacteria with single circular chromosome. Only one origin of replication.
What is rolling circle replication? in some viruses and F factor of Ecoli. Only has a single origin of replication.
What is linear replication? in eukaryotic organisms. Has thousands of origin of replication sites per cell. Occurs in humans.
KNOW!! DNA and RNA are ALWAYS going in what direction? 5 prime to 3 prime direction.
What are the requirements for replication? 1) ssDNA template 2) dNTP 3) DNA polymerace plus lots of other enzymes
What is ssDNA? single stranded DNA. So original DNA must unwind to expose 2 templates
What is dNTP? deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. To build new strands
DNA polymerace plus lots of other enzymes enzyme that synthesizes new DNA. Lots of different ones, even in the same cell.
General characteristics of DNA polyermase. It only makes DNA in what direction? 5 prime to 3 prime direction.
General characteristics of DNA polyermase. All DNA synthesis is occurring where? at or near the replication fork.
PROBLEM! How can synthesis take place simultaneously on both strands at the fork? one strand (leading STRAND) undergoes continuous replication. Lagging STRAND undergoes discontinuous replication.
Okazaki fragments produces short fragments of new DNA. Eventually these fragments are glued together by another enzyme.
What are the4 steps of replication? initiation, unwinding, elongation, termination.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. Where does initiation start? ori C site?? Idk!
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. What are the 3 things needed to do this? dna A (initiator protein), single stranded binding proteins (SSB proteins) and 2 helicase
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. What are the initiation proteins and what do they cause? the initiator protein is dna A proteins that cause “kink” or “loop” in DNA at Ori C site so DNA starts to unwind.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. Single stranded binding proteins (SSB proteins) beind to keep strand apart.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. 2 helicase? 2 helicase attach, one at each fork, on lagging strand templates.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. Unwinding. What undwinds it? done by ?helicase? attached on LAGGING STRAND template and move toward replication fork.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. Helicase undwinding the DNA causes what? it causes supercoiling ahead of the fork, so TYPE II (topoisomerase) causes double strands to break.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. After unwinding and topoisomerase type II makes cuts, are we ready yet? NO! We need ?primers? for DNA polymerace.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. Primers for DNA pol provides? provides an existing 3’OH group to attach new nt to.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. What does primase do? primase synthesizes short perimers (10-12 nt) on both template strands.
In Bacterial DNA replication, E. coli. How many primers will it need? only need ONE primer at 5 prime end of what will be the leading strand. Need multiple primers on lagging strand at beginning of each Okazaki fragment.
Primers are ______? (RNA???) (Primase is an RNA polymerace)
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