Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio101 Chpt 31 & 34
Biology Chapters 31 & 34
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| annual | A plant that completes its life cycle in a single year or growing season. |
| anther | A sac in which pollen grains develop, located at the tip of a flower's stamen. |
| apical dominance | In a plant, the hormonal inhibition of axillary buds by a terminal bud. |
| apical meristem | The tip of a plant root or in the terminal or axillary bud of a shoot. |
| axillary bud | An embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem. |
| bark | All the tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant that is growing in thickness. Made up of secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. |
| biennial | A plant that completes its life cycle in two years. |
| carpel | The female part of a flower, consisting of a stalk with an ovary at the base and a stigma, which traps pollen, at the tip. |
| clone | To produce genetically identical copies of a cell, organism, or DNA molecule. The collection of cells that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell. |
| collenchyma cell | In plants, a cell with a thick primary wall and no secondary wall, functioning mainly in supporting growing parts. |
| companion cell | In a plant, a cell connected to a sieve-tube member whose nucleus and ribosomes provide proteins for the sieve-tube member. |
| cork | The outermost protective layer of a plant's bark, produced by the cambium. |
| cork cambium | Meristematic tissue that produces cork cells during secondary growth of a plant. |
| cortex | In plants, the ground tissue system of a root, made up mostly of parenchyma cells, which store food and absorb minerals that have passed through the epidermis. |
| cotyledon | The first leaf that appears on an embryo of a flowering plant; a seed leaf. Monocot embryos have one; dicot embryos have two. |
| cuticle | In animals, a tough, nonliving outer layer of the skin. In plants, a waxy coating on the surface of stems and leaves that helps retain water. |
| dermal tissue system | The outer protective covering of plants. |
| determinate growth | Termination of growth after reaching a certain size, as in most animals. |
| dicots | A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. |
| double fertilization | In flowering plants, the formation of both a zygote and a cell with a triploid nucleus, which develops into the endosperm. |
| embryo sac | The female gametophyte contained in the ovule of a flowering plant. |
| endodermis | The innermost layer (a one-cell-thick cylinder) of the cortex of a plant root; forms a selective barrier determining which substances pass from the cortex into the vascular tissue. |
| endosperm | In flowering plants, a nutrient-rich mass formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; provides nourishment to the developing embryo in the seed. |
| epidermis | In animals, the living layer or layers of cells forming the protective covering, or outer skin. In plants, the tissue system forming the protective outer covering of leaves, young stems, and young roots. |
| fiber | A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals. |
| fragmentation | A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals. |
| fruit | A ripened, thickened ovary of a flower, which protects developing seeds and aids in their dispersal. |
| gametophyte | The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation. |
| germinate | To start developing or growing. |
| ground tissue system | A tissue of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and is continuous throughout its body. IT fills the space between the epidermis and the vascular tissue system. |
| guard cells | A specialized epidermal cell in plants that regulates the size of a stoma, allowing gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells in the leaf. |
| heartwood | In the center of trees, the darkened, older layers of secondary xylem made up of cells that no longer transport water and are clogged with resins. |
| indeterminate growth | Growth that continues throughout life, as in most plants. |
| internode | The portion of a plant stem between two nodes. |
| lateral meristem | It thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are these. |
| leaf | The main site of photosynthesis in a plant; consists of a flattened blade and a stalk (petiole) that joins to the stem. |
| mesophyll | The green tissue in the interior of a leaf; a leaf's ground tissue system; the main site of photosynthesis. |
| monocots | Flowering plants whose embryos have a single seed leaf, or cotyledon. |
| node | The point of attachment of a leaf on a stem. |
| organ | A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions. |
| ovary | The female gonad, which produces egg cells and reproductive hormones. The basal portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. |
| parenchyma cell | A relatively unspecialized cell with a thin primary wall and no secondary wall; functions in photosynthesis, food storage, and aerobic respiration and may differentiate into other cell types. |
| perennial | A plant that lives for many years. |
| petal | A modified leaf of a flowering plant. They are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to pollinators. |
| phloem | The portion of a plant's vascular tissue system that conveys sap throughout a plant; tissue is made up of sieve-tube members. |
| pistil | Part of the reproductive organ of an angiosperm, a single carpel or a group of fused carpels. |
| pith | Part of the ground tissue system of a dicot plant. Fills the center of a stem and may store food. |
| pollination | In seed plants, the delivery, by wind or animals, of pollen from the male parts of a plant to the stigma of a carpel on the female. |
| primary growth | Growth in the length of a plant root or shoot, produced by an apical meristem. |
| rhizone | A horizontal stem that grows below the ground. |
| root cap | A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the root's apical meristem. |
| root hair | An outgrowth of an epidermal cell on a root, which increases the root's absorptive surface area |
| root system | All of a plant's system which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food. |
| sapwood | Light-colored, water-conducting secondary xylem in a tree. |
| sclereid | In plants, a very hard, dead cell found in nutshells and seed coats; a stone cell. |
| sclerenchyma cell | In plants, a supportive cell with rigid secondary walls hardened with lignin. |
| secondary growth | An increase in a plant's girth, involving cell division in the vascular cambium and cork cambium. |
| seed coat | A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat (integuments) of an ovule. Encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm. |
| sepal | A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens. |
| shoot system | All of a plant's stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. |
| sieve plate | An end wall in a sieve-tube member that facilitates the flow of phloem sap. |
| sieve-tube member | A food-conducting cell in a plant. Chains make up phloem tissue. |
| sporophyte | The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation. |
| stamen | A pollen-producing male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of a filament and an anther. |
| stem | The part of a plant's shoot system that supports the leaves and reproductive structures. |
| stigma | The sticky tip of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains. |
| stoma | A pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When open, CO2 enters a leaf, and water and O2 exit. A plant conserves water when it is closed. |
| tendril | A modified leaf used by some plants to climb around a fixed structure. |
| terminal bud | Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes. |
| tissue | An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both. |
| tissue system | One or more sytesms organized into a functional unit within a plant or animal. |
| tracheid | A tapered, porous, water-conducting and supportive cell in plants. Chains or vessel elements make up the water-conducting, supportive tubes in xylem. |
| tuber | An enlargement at the end of a rhizome in which food is stored. |
| vascular bundle | A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a plant stem. |
| vascular cambium | During secondary growth of a plant, the cylinder of meristematic cells, surrounding the xylem and pith, that produces secondary xylem and phloem. |
| vascular cylinder | The central rod of tissue in a plant root. |
| vascular tissue system | A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout the plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients, respectively. |
| vein | A vessel that returns blood to the heart. A vascular bundle in a leaf, composed of xylem and phloem. |
| vessel element | A short, open-ended, water-conducting and supportive cell in plants. Makes up the water-conducting, supportive tubes in xylem. |
| wood | Secondary xylem of a plant. |
| wood ray | A column of parenchyma cells that radiates from the center of a log and transports water to its outer living tissues. |
| xylem | The nonliving portion of a plant's vascular system that provides support and conveys sap from the roots to the rest of the plant. Is made up of vessel elements and/or tracheids, water-conducting cells. |
| abiotic factor | A nonliving component of an ecosystem, such as air, water, or temperature. |
| aphotic zone | The region of an aquatic ecosystem beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate enough for photosynthesis to take place. |
| benthic realm | A seafloor, or the bottom of a freshwater lake, pond, river, or stream. |
| biome | Major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water and are characterized by organisms adapted to the particular environments. |
| biosphere | The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems. |
| biotic components/factor | A living component of a biological community; an organism, or a factor pertaining to one or more organisms |
| chaparral | A biome dominated by spiny evergreen shrubs adapted to periodic drought and fires; found where cold ocean currents circulate offshore, creating mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers. |
| community | An assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area. |
| coniferous forest | A biome characterized by cone-bearing evergreen trees. |
| continental shelves | The submerged parts of a continent. |
| desert | A biome characterized by organisms adapted to sparse rainfall (less than 30 cm per year) and rapid evaporation. |
| disertification | The conversion of semi-arid regions to desert. |
| doldurms | An area of calm or very light winds near the equator, caused by rising warm air. |
| ecology | The scientific study of how organisms interact with their environments. |
| ecosystem | All the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment. |
| estuary | The area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean. |
| habitat | A place where an organism lives; an environment situation in which an organism lives. |
| intertidal zone | A shallow zone where the waters of an estuary or ocean meet land. |
| landscape | Several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms. |
| ocean currents | Riverlike flow patterns in the oceans. |
| organism | An individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant, or animal. |
| pelagic zone/realm | The region of an ocean occupied by seawater. |
| permafrost | Continuously frozen ground found in the tundra. |
| photic zone | The region of an aquatic ecosystem into which light penetrates and where photosynthesis occurs. |
| phytoplankton | Algae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in aquatic environments. |
| population | A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area. |
| prevailing winds | Result from the combined effects of Earth's rotation and the rising and falling of air masses. |
| savanna | A biome dominated by grasses and scattered trees. |
| temperate broadleaf forest | A biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees. |
| temperate grassland | A grassland region maintained by seasonal drought, occasional fires, and grazing by large mammals. |
| temperate zones | Latitudes between the tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and the Antarctic Circle in the south; regions with milder climates than the tropics or polar regions. |
| trade winds | The movement of air in the tropics (those regions that lie between 23.5° north latitude and 23.5° south latitude). |
| tropical forest | A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round. |
| tropics | Latitudes between 23.5° north and south. |
| tundra | A biome at the northernmost limits of plant growth and at high altitudes, characterized by dwarf woody shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens. |
| westerlies | Winds that blow from west to east. |
| wetland | An ecosystem intermediate between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial ecosystem. |
| zooplankton | Animals that drift in aquatic environments. |
Created by:
dtgs2010
Popular Biology sets