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HCS Biology
Chapter 6A (BJU Press)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chromosomal change | A genetic change involving either the number of chromosomes or the arrangement of genes on a chromosome. |
| gene mutation | A changing of the gene itself, which alters the sequence of nucleotide bases within a gene. |
| euploidy | A chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the haploid number for that organism. |
| aneuploid | An organism in which the chromosome number is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. |
| nondisjunction | The failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis. |
| Down syndrome (trisomy 21) | A genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome. |
| trisomy | An abnormal condition in which there are three homologous chromosomes in a set instead of two. |
| monosomy | A condition in which there is only one homologous chromosome pair. |
| mutation | A random change in a DNA molecule. |
| translocation | The transfer of a chromosome segment to a non homologous chromosome. |
| deletion | A mutation involving the loss of a segment of chromosome during replication. |
| inversion | A chromosomal mutation in which genes break off a section of DNA and reattach but in the opposite order. |
| point mutation | A gene mutation involving only one or a few nucleotides. |
| frame shift | A DNA mutation in which a nucleotide or nucleotides (other than three in number) are added or taken from the chain so that the subsequent codons are read incorrectly. |
| mutagen | A substance the induces mutation. |
| somatic mutation | A mutation that effects only body cells (not gametes). |
| germ mutation | A mutation that affects the gamete-producing cells. |
| gene expression | The activation or turning on of a gene that results in its transcription and the production of a specific protein. |
| cellular differentiation | The specialization of cells that occurs during embryological development under the control of proteins. |
| homeotic gene | A section of the DNA molecule that regulates morphogenesis by controlling gene expression. |
| tumor | An abnormal growth of cells. |
| benign | Describing abnormal cellular growth most often characterized by localized, nonaggressive growth. |
| malignant | Characterized by a rapid and chaotic growth; often spreads and may be fatal. |
| carcinogen | A cancer-causing substance. |
| cancer | A disorder in which the cell is unable to control cell division. |
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