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Unit 4
Respiratory,Circulatory,Cardiovascular,Endocrine, Blood Typing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epicardium | outer protective layer (wall of the heart) |
| Myocardium | middle muscle layer (wall of the heart) |
| Endocardium | inner layer (wall of the heart) |
| upper chambers (Atria)-(singular atrium) | receive blood returning to heart |
| lower chambers (Ventricles) | receive blood from the atria and contract, which forces blood into arteries |
| Septum | wall between the left and right atria and left and right ventricles |
| Tricuspid valve | (3 cusps) between right atria and right ventricle |
| Bicuspid valve aka mitral valve | (2) cusps) between left atria and left ventricle |
| Pulmonary semilunar valve | blood leaving the right ventricle passing into the pulmonary arteries |
| Aortic semilunar valve | blood leaving the left ventricle passing into the aorta(largest artery of the body) |
| Function of the valves | keep blood flowing in the same direction and prevent back flow |
| Chordae Tendineae | strong, fibrous strings attached to the ventricle side of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves |
| Papillary muscle | attached to chordae tenineae; help valves to shut properly |
| Highest Blood Pressure to lowest pressure | Arteries, Capillaries, Veins |
| location of the heart | Mediastinum |
| Epiglottis | prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx |
| Pharynx | serves as the passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Nasal Conchae | Found in the nasal cavity, it increases surface area and helps clean, humidify and warm the air |
| Larynx | structure that vibrates as air moves past them producing a sound "vocal cords" |
| volume as it relates to sound through larynx | force of air that goes by |
| pitch | increase in tension (like a guitar string) |
| Visceral pleura | serous membrane covering the lungs |
| Parietal pleura | serous membrane lining the cavity the lungs are in |
| List the 9 divisions of the bronchial tree | Primary bronchi,secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, interlobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli ducts, alveoli sacs, alveoli |
| Respiration involves what 5 things? | Ventilation, External Respiration,Transportation,Internal Respiration,Cellular Respiration |
| What are the organs of the Respiratory System? | Upper Respiratory tract: Nose,Nasal Cavity,Sinuses,pharynx Lower Respiratory tract:Larynx,trachea,bronchial tree,lungs |
| Nose | contains hairs that filter out large particles in the incoming air, trapping bacteria -lined with mucus membrane |
| Nasal cavity | nasal septum divides cavity into left and right and nasal Conchae give more surface area to nasal caviy |
| deviated septum | crooked or out of place |
| Olfactory receptors | smell-found in upper nasal cavity near cribiform plate |
| mucus membrane | lines nasal cavity producing mucus to trap bacteria and other substances also contains blood vessels that help to warm incoming air |
| Sinuses | pocket of air surrounded by bone and lined with a mucus membrane reduce weight of skull and resonant chamber (voice) |
| Ventilation | breathing-movement of air in and out of lungs |
| External Respiration | exchange of gases between lungs and blood |
| Transportation | of gases by the blood from the lungs to the body cells |
| Internal Respiration | exchange of gases between blood and body cells |
| Cellular Respiration | using of oxygen to get cellular energy and production of carbon dioxide |
| What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynopharnyx |
| pharynx | passageway for food and air/ between nasal cavity and larynx |
| Larynx | prevents foreign substances from entering the trachea-houses vocal cords |
| false vocal cords | upper(for swallowing; no sound) |
| true vocal cords | lower-for sound |
| glottis | opening between cords |
| Trachea | wind pipe c-shaped(cartilage) rings, flexible to allow esophagus to expand |
| Tracheotomy | temporarily external slit in trachea to allow air to enter due to an obstruction--rare |
| Alveoli | microscopic air sacs that allow for gas exchange 300 million per lung |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic disease; patients produce enormous amount of mucus prone to infection |
| Pleurisy | friction/irritation between membranes-bacterial infection need antibiotic |
| Inspiration | (inhalation)atmospheric pressure due to the weight of the air is the force that moves air into and out of lungs |
| Surface tension | a force that holds the pleural membranes together |
| Surfactant | reduces the surface tension and thus decrease the tendency of the alveoli to collapse |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | does not produce enough Surfactant |
| Expiration (Exhalation) | normal expiration occurs due to elastic recoil of lung tissue / surface tension-passive process |
| Pneumothorax | punctured thoracic wall-atmospheric air may enter the pleural cavity creating space between membrane-possible lung collapse |
| Spirometer | measurement of air volumes |
| Respiratory Cycle | one normal inspiration and expiration |
| Tidal Volume | the amount of air from one respiratory clcle |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | volume that can be inhaled during forced inspiration in addition to tidal volume |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume | volume that can be exhaled during forced expiration |
| Residual Volume | amount of air in lungs at all times (Reserve) |
| Inspiratory Capacity | Max amount of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of tidal volume IC=TV+IRV |
| Functional Residual Capacity | volume of air that remains in lungs following exhalation of Tidal volume FRC=ERV+RV |
| Vital capacity | max volume of air that can be exhaled after taking deepest breath possible VC=TV+IRV+ERV |
| Total lung capacity | total volume lungs can hold TLC=VC+RV |
| Respiratory centers are found in what 2 structures | Pons and the medulla oblongata of the brain |
| Sleep Apnea | cease breathing for 10/20 seconds |
| SIDS | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
| Factory affecting Breathing | Carbonic Acid, Bicorbonate, hydrogen influences chemoreceptors and the more hydrogen the faster the breathing rate and tidal volume increase |
| Hyperventilation | breathing rapidly deeply lowering CO2 (takes longer to return to higher concentration) |
| stretch of tissues | prevents over inflation of lungs during forceful breathing |
| Oxyhemoblobin | 02 and iron atoms of hemoglobin is oxyhemoglobin |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | |
| Asphyxia | |
| Cardiac Conduction System 4 parts | S-A Node Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node (A-V Node), A V Bundles(Bundle of HIS), Purkinje Fibers |
| S-A node | natural pace maker; sends impulse so that both atria will contract at the same time;location upper right atrium;impulse 72 times per minute |
| A-V node | location floor of right atrium 40-60 times per minute;slows the impulse down to give the ventricles a chance to fill with blood |
| A-V Bundles (bundles of HIS) | location; ventricular septum;speeds up impulse to the ventricles(ventricles are full and ready to contract) |
| Perkinje fibers | ventricular myocardium; sends impulse to both ventricles causing both of them to contract |
| Heart sound 'lub' | tricuspid/bicuspid valve closing |
| heart sound "dup" | pulmonary/aortic semilunar valves closing |
| heart murmer | valves not closing properly |
| which wall of the heart is thicker? | left ventricle because it is most muscular of all to pump back out to body and back to the heart |
| Cardiac cycle | both atria contract and then both ventricles causing pressure changes in the chambers |
| Atrial systole | atria contract |
| Atrial diastole | atria relax |
| ventricular systole | ventricles contract |
| ventricular diastole | ventricles relax |
| Coronary sinus | empties blood into right atrium |
| Electrocardiogram | recording of the electrical charges in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle |
| P wave | atria depolarization |
| QRS complex (wave) | ventricles depolarize |
| T wave | ventricles repolarize |
| Why don't we see Atrial repolarization? | because there is so much force in the QRS complex that we miss it. |
| Sphygmomanometer | stethoscope + blood pressure Cuff |
| normal adult blood pressure? | 110/70 |
| systolic | ventricles contracting-top number |
| diastolic | ventricles relaxing-bottom number |
| Heart action | how much blood enters the arterial system with each ventricular contraction |
| Stroke volume | the volume of blood discharged from the left ventricle with each contraction |
| Cardiac output defined | volume of blood discharged from the left ventricle per minute |
| Cardiac output formula | Stroke volume X Heart Rate (70 ml/min x 72 beats/min = 5040 |
| Starling's law of the heart | the bigger the stretch of the cardiac muscle the stronger the contraction |
| Blood volume for average adult | 5-7 liters |
| Blood viscosity | ease with which a fluid's molecules flow past one another. How thick or thin the blood is; the greater the viscosity the great the resistance to flow |
| Peripheral Resistance | friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vesel |
| Cardiac Tamponade | accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity that compresses the heart |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | inability of the heart to pump enough blood to the cells |
| Thrombosis | blood clot |
| embolism | particles traveling in the blood become lodged in a vessel |
| aneurysm | swelling/weakening of arterial wall |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| tachycardia | abnormally fast heart rate; above 100 at rest |
| bradycardia | abnormally slow heart rate; below 60 at rest |
| varicose veins | due to faulty valves |
| angioplasty | balloon |
| coronary by-pass | cut and gut use the longest vein in the body |
| Primary functions of the heart | transport substances to and from the cells, regulate pH, protect body from foreign substances, clot formation |
| Blood composition | 45% cells, 55% plasma (fluid portion) |
| Hematocrit test | test done on whole blood; blood is centrifuged and the percentage of the packed cells equals the hematocrit. (Red Cross) |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cells(RBC's); an important protein-iron pigment 4-5 million cells/sample |
| Erythrocyte function | transport oxygen |
| Erythrocyte description | non nucleonated, biconcave disks, contains hemoglobin |
| Erythropoiesis | production of RBC's; before birth in the liver/spleen ; after birth in Red bone marrow(gradually replaced by yellow marrow) life span is 120 days cells rupture liver recycles iron and bilirubin excreted in bile as waste |
| Leukocytes | colorless cells which aid in defending the body against infection |
| two types of Leukocytes? | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
| Name the three types of Granulocytes | Eosinophils (deep red), Basophils(blue), Neutrophils(light pink) |
| Name the two types of Agranulocytes | Lymphocytes and Monocytes |
| Neutrophil function | phagocytosis |
| Lymphocytes function | immune system response |
| Monocytes | phagocytosis |
| Eosinophils | allergic response |
| Basophils | histamine/inflammatory |
| Where do blood cells develop from? | stem cells (controversy) |
| Platelets | fragments of cells that assist in blood clot formation |
| plasma | pale yellow fluid; blood cells float in .Primarily composed of water plus proteins. Fibrinogen, albumin, globulins |
| Type and Crossmatch | blood type determines ABO and Rh factor and crossmatch matches the donor's blood to the recipient's NEED PERFECT MATCH (pink/purple top) |
| CBC Complete Blood Count | RBC count in a sample, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, WBC count in a sample, Platelet count (purple top) |
| CBC with Diff | doctor can order differential to determine different types of WBC's in a sample not just total number |
| Prothrobin aka PT/PTT | measures how long it takes the blood to start clotting (aqua top) |
| Chemistry profile | a battery of test for example ; glucose, protein, cholesterol, iron; done on the plasma (liquid portion of the blood) GOLD TOP |
| MEDIAN CUBITAL | goes diagonally across elbow and is used for drawing blood. It is between cephalic and basilica veins |
| Great Saphenous vein | longest vein used for coronary by pass |
| Endocrine gland function | regulate metabolism and homeostasis |
| Target tissue | cells which respond to the presence of a particular hormone. These cells possess specific Receptor molecules, which bind with a specific hormone "one hormone per target" |
| Main functions of the Endocrine gland | 1. Water balance, 2. uterine contractions and milk release, 3. growth, metabolism, and tissue maturation, 4. Ion regulation (Na, K, Ca in the blood)5. heart rate and blood pressure, 6. immune system -production of immune cells,7.reproductive functions. |
| Pituitary gland | aka hypophysis; small pea size gland; rests in a depression of the sphenoid bone (sella tursica) "Turk Saddle" little cup burrowed out; inferior to the hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus | located inferior to thalamus; pituitary gland is attached; sends 6 different "releasing hormones" through the blood vessels |
| infundibulum | connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary |
| Anterior Pituitary | attached to the hypothalamus by a network of blood vessels; 6 releasing hormones; each eleasing hormone can thus control the secretion of a corresponding hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary |
| Posterior Pituitary | attached to hypothalamus by neurons; hypothalamus synthesizes two hormones and passes them into the posterior pituitary where they are temporarily stored |
| What are the Anterior Pituitary Hormones | Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin, thyroid Stimulation hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone , Follicle Stimulation hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| What are the Posterior Pituitary Hormones | Oxytocin and Antiduretic hormone |
| Growth Hormone )GH) | growth/development |
| Prolactin | production of milk |
| Thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) | Metabolism |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | effects blood glucose level |
| Follicle Stimulation Hormone (FSH) | reproductive structures (male and female) |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | reproductive structures (male and female) |
| Oxytocin | uterine contractions/ milk release |
| antiduretic hormone | decreases urine production |
| Thyroid gland | calcitonin |
| parathyroid gland | parathyroid hormone |
| adrenal glands | |
| Adrenal medulla | secretes Norepinephrine and Epinephrine AKA adrenalin " fight, flight, frolic" hormones causing increase BP, increase heart rate, etc |
| Pancreas | Islets of Langerhans; Insulin- decrease in blood glucose by transporting glucose in to the cell (out of the blood) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | too little insulin |
| Ovaries | estrogen and Progesterone |
| Testes | testosterone |
| Thymus gland | produces thymosin; affects T cell production of the immune system ; large as child; decreases in size as an adult because of exposure and immunization |
| Pineal gland | producers melatonin; regulates the onset of puberty --moods and sleep |
| Stimulates bone breakdown to increase blood calcium levels | parathyroid |
| list the blood type that can RECEIVE from A- | A-, A+, AB+, AB |
| list the blood types that can RECEIVE from B+ | B+ and AB+ |
| list the blood types that can RECEIVE from O- | everybody UNIVERSAL DONOR |
| list the blood types that can RECEIVE from AB+ | AB+ |
| List the blood types that can DONATE blood to the type listed B- | B-, O- |
| list the blood types that can DONATE blood to the type listed A+ | A+, A-, O+, O- |
| list the blood types that can DONATE blood to the type listed O+ | O+, O- |
| list the blood types that can DONATE blood to the type listed AB- | AB-, A-, B-, O- |
| WBC differentiation is an indicator of what? | specific pathogens and / or identification of progress through the immune system process. |
| whole blood is made up of what? | plasma and formed elements |
| Plasma is made up of what 3 proteins? | Albumins, Globulin, Fibrinogen/serum |
| Formed Elements is made up of? | Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes |
| Leukocytes are made up of 5 components | Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes,Lymphocytes |
| Lymphocytes are made up of 3 components | T-cells, B-cells and NK Cells |
| Plasma | transport nutrients and waste |
| Albumins | help maintain osmotic pressure |
| Globulins | function as antibodies; transport hormones, proteins etc. to reduce loss in urine |
| Fibrinogen | Help in the formation of clots |
| RBC's | transport gasses and exchange |
| Platelets (Thrombocytes) | assist with clotting by 1. releasing clotting chemicals 2. temporarily patch vessel wall 3. connect tissue after thrombosite formation |
| Never Eat Bananas represents what learning device? | how to recognize which leukocytes are granulocytes; Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils |
| Arteries always carry blood.... | away from the heart |
| Veins always carry blood.... | toward the heart |
| If backflow of blood occurs when a heart valve is closed, t creates a turbulence noise known as a | murmur |
| the Pulmonary circuit carries | deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right side of the heart. This blood then gets pumped to the lung and back to the heart |
| The Systemic circuit carries | oxygenated blood from the lung to the left side of the heart and then pumps it to the rest of the body. |
| The force exerted by the blood pressing against the inner walls of arteries creates what? | pressure |
| The systemic pressure is at its max during contraction ; this pressure is called? | systolic pressure |
| The pressure drops to its lowest level when the heart is relaxed..this is called | diastolic presssure |
| A normal resting blood pressure measuring systolic/diastolic would read | 110/70 |
| pulse | the number of times that force is exerted per minute as measured by palpating a superficial artery |
| Antigens | proteins present on the erythrocyte |
| Antibodies | are proteins found in plasma |
| If antigen and antibody match what happens? | agglutination (clumping) |
| Neutrophil | bacterial infections, stress at elevated levels ; normal percent value between 54-62 % |
| Basophil | Cancers, chicken pox, hypothyroidism at elevated levels; normal percent value less than one percent |
| Eosinophil | Allergic reactions, autoimmune disease, parasitic worms at elevated levels; normal percent value between 1-3 % |
| Lymphocyte | elevated levels may indicate mononucleosis, whooping cough, viral infections; normal percent values between 25-33% |
| Monocyte | elevated levels may indicate malaria, tuberculosis, fungal infections; normal percent values between 3-9 % |
| Neutrophil function | Phagocytizes small particles |
| Basophil | Release heparin and histamine |
| Eosinophil | kills parasites and helps control inflammation and allergic reactions |
| Lymphocyte | Provides immunity |
| Monocyte | Phagocytes large particles |
| What is different about the lobes of the lungs | The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes |
| What is the narrow Potential Space? | Pleural cavity |
| Where is the pleural cavity located | between the two pleurae and contains pleural fluid secreted by membranes |
| Breathing or pulmonary ventilation | involves movement of air from outside the body through the bronchial tree into the alveoli and the reversal of this air movement to allow gas exchange between air and blood |
| What are 700 times more numerous than white blood cells and 17 times more numerous than platelets ?? | Red blood cells |
| Anticoagulant | will not allow blood to clot; heparin in the bottom of test tube |
| Brachiocephalic artery | splits into rt subclavian and rt common carotid |
| Thoracic aorta | branches supply thoracic organs (lungs) |
| Abdominal aorta | Branches; phrenic artery (feeds diaphragm), renal (feeds kidney), gonadal (feeds ovary/testes), Inferior Messenteric (Large intestines), Common Illiac Artery (pelvic organs/ lower legs) |
| External Carotid Artery | feeds face, neck and jaw |
| Internal Carotid Artery | (goes deep) feeds the brain |
| Axillary | armpit/chest branches |
| brachial artery branches into | radial and Ulnar |
| Common Iliac | branches into Internal iliac and external iliac and femoral artery and popliteal artery and tibial arteries (anterior and posterior) |
| Aorta branches into | ascending Aorta and Arch of aorta which branches into Brachiocephalic Artery ; left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery |
| External Jugular | vein that drains blood from face, neck and scalp ( more superficial) |
| Internal Jugular | larger Vein than external jugular; drains brain and deep veins of neck and face |
| veins of shoulder / arm (back to the head) | so from Radial/ulnar, brachial, axillary, right subclavian (veins) |
| Veins from Abdominal viscera | internal organs must be purified; Hepatic portal system |
| Hepatic portal system | blood must be purified so the used blood from stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen dump their blood into a portal vein which carries blood to liver-hepatic veins-inferior vena cava(not directly to heart) |
| Liver | monitors blood glucose, stores vitamins, detoxifies blood, Kupffer cells (in liver) remove bacteria from blood (bacteria from SI) |
| Kupffer Cells | remove bacteria from blood (bacteria from small intestine) |
| Veins from lower limbs/pelvis | Tibial veins (lower leg), Popliteal ( at knee), Femoral vein (thigh), External Iliac Vein (pelvis) Common Iliac vein, Inferior vena cava and back to the heart |
| Reeses monkey discovey | like antigen on surface of RBC |
| Rh factor (antigen) First Birth | if a Rh- woman becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby blood may mix due to traumatic birth. RESULT: no harm to mother or baby. however, that Rh- mother will begin to produce antibodies against Rh+ blood |
| Rh factor (antigen) SECOND BIRTH | if woman becomes pregnant again with a 2nd Rh+ baby those antibodies (from first birth)will pass easily through placenta-agglutinate baby's blood; RESULT POSSIBLE DEATH |
| ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS | BLOOD PASSING THROUGH TO THE PLACENTA WHEN Rh factor is involved with Rh neg mom and Rh pos baby on second birth because of the antibodies produced from first birth |
| HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWORN | BLOOD PASSING THROUGH TO THE PLACENTA WHEN Rh factor is involved with Rh neg mom and Rh pos baby on second birth because of the antibodies produced from first birth |
| Rhogan Shot | prevents mom from producing Rh+ ntibodies |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) FEMALE: Gland, Target, Function | Anterior pituitary, target follicle in ovary, follicle maturation stimulates estrogen secretion |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Male: Gland, Target, Function | A.P Seminiferous tubules in the testes,Sperm production |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH)FEMALE Gland, Target, Function | A.P. , Ovaries, Stimulates ovulation |
| Prolactin (PRL) (Gland, Target, Function) | A.P., mammary glands, stimulates milk production |
| Growth Hormone (GH) (Gland, Target, Function) | A. P., most body cells, promotes tissue growth |
| Oxytocin (OT) (Gland, Target, Function) | Posterior Pituitary, Uterus and mammary glands, causes contractions for childbirth involved in milk flow when nursing |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)(Gland, Target, Function) | Posterior pituitary, kidneys, water retention |
| Calcitonin (Gland, Target, Function) | thyroid, bone cell, stimulates bone growth |
| Parathyroid (PTH)(Gland, Target, Function) | Parathyroid, bones and kidneys, stimulates, bone breakdown to increase blood calcium levels |
| Melatonin (Gland, Target, Function) | Pineal gland, hypothalamus, plays a role in sleep, circadian rhythms, and onset of puberty |
| Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4) (Gland, Target, Function) | Thyroid, most body cells, maintain body metabolism |
| Thymosin (Gland, Target, Function) | Thymus, immune system, maturation of T Lymphocytes (WBC) |
| Insulin (Gland, Target, Function) | Pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, promotes uptake of blood glucose in response to higher level of blood glucose |
| Glucagon (Gland, Target, Function) | pancreas,liver, stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and the synthesis of glucose |
| Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine (Gland, Target, Function) | Adrenal Medulla, heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells, released as part of the fight or flight, sympathetic nervous response |
| Estrogen/Progesterone (Gland, Target, Function) | ovaries, most body cells, play a role in menstral cycle and pregnancy preparation |
| Testosterone (Gland, Target, Function) | testes, most body cells, sustains sperm production and sex drive |
| Facts affecting Blood Pressure | 1. Heart action 2. blood volume 3. blood viscosity 4. peripheral resistance |
| Functional unit of Respiratory system | alveoli |
| Name the three parts of Nasal Conchae | Superior, middle and inferior |
| cribiform plate | located towards the back of the middle nasal conchae |
| electron acceptor | |
| electron transport chain | |
| What happens to pressure and volume when inspiring? (breathing in) | If pressure inside lungs decreases volume increases |
| What happens to pressure and volume when expiring? (breathe out) | pressure increases and volume decreases |
| What is unique about the right lung? | it is larger than left because it needs to make room for the heart. |
| How many lobes does the right lung have? | 3 superior , middle and inferior |
| How many lobes does the left lung have | 2 just superior and inferior |
| Describe the lung | soft, spongy cone-shaped organ, 2 membrane, visceral pleura surrounding organ and parietal pleura against the wall |
| Partial pressure | mixture of gases |
| How many oxygen atoms are in the hemoglobin | 4 |
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