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Genetics Vocabulary
Vocabulary for genetic terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genome | A complete set of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material; all the organism's heredity; entire DNA sequence |
| Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide (A,T,C,G) sequence in DNA; code for protein |
| Allele | An alternative form of a gene; they are always found at the same spot on homologous chromosomes; ex: The alleles for eye color are blue, green, brown, etc. They code for the same thing but have a different base sequence and display different traits |
| Chromosome | A gene carrying structure (each can contain a number of different genes); humans have 46 chromosomes (23 different types) |
| Human Meiosis | When a cell with 46 chromosomes (diploid) divide to form four gametes (sex cells) each with 23 chromosomes (haploid); female produces 4 egg cells with 23 chromosomes and male produces 4 sperm cells with 23 chromosomes (all are haploid) |
| Dominate Allele | An allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is paired with the same allele or another one. Dominate alleles are always expressed in the phenotype |
| Recessive Allele | An allele that has an effect on the phenotype only when present with other recessive alleles (in the homozygous state) |
| Phenotype | The characteristics or traits of an organism |
| Genotype | The symbolic representation of pair of alleles possessed by an organism, typically represented by two letters |
| Homozygous Dominant | Having 2 identical alleles of a dominant gene |
| Homozygous Recessive | Having 2 identical alleles of a recessive gene |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles of a gene |
| Gametes | A sex cell; haploid (23 chromosomes) egg or sperm cell |
| Pedigree Chart | A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations |
| Homologous Chromosomes | The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. They are the same length and contain the same genes with different alleles; one is inherited from each parent (ex: Chromosome 1 from mom and Chromosome 1 from dad) |
| 2n | diploid cell containing two sets of chromosomes (for humans it's 46) |
| Base Pair | A pair of complementary DNA molecules; A pairs with T and C pairs with G; the human genome has about 1 billion base pairs |
| DNA nucleotides | Building blocks of DNA; made up of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphates; A,T,C,G |
| Genetic mutations | A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; the ultimate source of genetic diversity |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variations |
| Central Dogma of Biology | DNA --> RNA --> Protein |
| Haploid | Containing a single set of chromosomes (23 for humans)in a cell |
| Diploid | Containing two sets of chromosomes (homologous pairs)in a cell; one set inherited from each parent |
| Gene expression (expressed gene) | The process whereby genetic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic information from the genotype to the phenotype |
| n | haploid cell containing one set of chromosomes (for humans it's 23) |
Created by:
kelly.norris
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