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GI Disturbances
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| odynophagia | painful swallowing |
| what cranial nerves deal with swallowing? | 5, 9, 10, and 12 (V IX, X, XII) |
| dysphagia | diffculty swallowing |
| narrowing of the esophagus can cause a ____ | stroke |
| inflammation of the oral mucosa | stomatitis |
| cold sores | acute hepatic stomatitis |
| lower esophagus sphincter (LES) fails to relax; making it difficult for food to pass; esophagus enlarges above LES | achalasia (dysphagia) |
| outpouching of the esophageal wall and is caused by weakness of the muslce layers | esophageal diverticulum |
| what disorder does the esophagus retain food? | esophageal diverticulum |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus | GERD (aka Heartburn) |
| disorder of the esophagus that is due to a weak lower esophagus sphincter (LES) | GERD |
| stomach contents cause iritation which can lead to structures bleeding, asthma, laryngitis, and cancer | GERD |
| repetitive gagging, regurgitation, mouthing, and swallowing or regurgitated material | rumination (seen in children with GERD) |
| increased intrathorasic pressure can cause it or make it worse | hiatal hernia |
| 6% of all GI cancers | esophagus cancer |
| esophagus cancer usually dietary and environmental causes like tabacco and alcohol | squamous |
| esophagus cancer that encircles the esophagus | adenocarcinomas |
| esophagus cancer has a ____ prognosis and a ____ survival time | poor....short |
| inflammation of the gastric mucosa | gastritis |
| ___ protects the stomach from the acid contents | gastric mucosal barrier |
| ___ and ___ can impair gastric mucosal barrier | asprin and alcohol |
| transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa | acute gastritis |
| characterized by the absence of grossly visible erosions and the presence of chronic inflammatory changes leading to atrophy of the stomach lining | chronic gastritis |
| what are the 4 types of chronic gastritis? | autoimmune, multifocal atrophic, H. pylori, chemical gastropathy |
| least common chronic gastritis | autoimmune |
| hashimoto's thyroiditis and addison's disease | autoimmune chronic gastritis |
| unknown etiology; common in whites, common in asia, scandinavia, europe, and latin america---associated with < acid secretion | multifocal atrophy |
| most common type of chronic gastritis | H. pylori |
| small, curved, gram (-) rods; produces an enzyme that degrades the mucosal lining and can lead to a peptic ulcer and cancer | H. pylori |
| result of reflux of alkaline duodenal contents, pancreatic secretions, and gastroduodenostomy or gastrojejunostomy surgery | chemical gastropathy (chronic gastritis) |
| an ulcer which may be located in the lower end of the esophagus, the stomach, or the duodenum | peptic ulcer disease (PUD) |
| can lead to a break down or ulceration in the mucosa; the break allows the mucosa to be subjected to an acid or alkaline environment and thus autodigestion occurs | excess acid-----PUD |
| can leave the mucosal cells unprotected from the acid; hypoxia, shock, burns, etc can lead to injury of mucus-produsing cells | decreased mucus production------PUD |
| can cause the protective mucus layer to be irritated because of the rapid movement of the stomach contents, such as in dumping syndromes | increased delivery of acid------PUD |
| rare ucler disease | zollinger-ellison syndrome |
| caused by gastrin-secreting tumor | zollinger-ellison syndrome |
| gastrinoma | gastrin-secreting tumor |
| most common location for zollinger-ellison syndrome | pancreas |
| curling's ulcer | stress ulcer |
| occurs with some sort of major physiological stress | stress/curling's ulcer |
| ulcer arising from pts with intracranial injury, operations, or tumors | cushing ulcer-----stress ulcer |
| 7th most common cause of death from cancer | stomach cancer |
| cancer most common outside the US | stomach cancer |
| stomach cancer is most commonly seen in the ____ | pyloric region |
| chronic disorder with recurrent intestinal symptoms not explained by structual or biochemical abnormalities | irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
| ___ and ____ makes irritable bowl syndrome worse | stress and hormonal fluctuation |
| inflammation of the bowel...common and all have a causative agent-dietary antigen, microbial | inflammatory bowel disease |
| what are the 2 kinds of inflammatory bowel disease? | crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis |
| chronic inflammation of the bowel in which there are patchy areas of inflammation anywhere int he GI tract | Crohn's disease |
| Crohn's disease is most common in ____ and ______ and _____ and _____ races | young adults, teens, jewish, and caucasian |
| _____ lesions are local and involve all layers of the wall-skip lesions | crohn's disease |
| what shape ulcers are in crohn's dease | shallow, long ulcers with strictures |
| s/s: 3-5 foul-smelling stools a day | crohn's disease |
| inflammatory disease affecting the mucous membrane of the colon | ulcerative colitis----inflammatory bowel disease |
| ulcerated lesions form small erosions-no skip lesions | ulcerative colitis |
| s/s: chronic bloody diarrhea mixed with mucus | ulcerative colitis |
| gram + spore forming bacillus that is part of the normal flora | clostridium difficile |
| spores are resisitant to acid and convert to vegetative forms in the colon | clostridium difficile |
| releases a toxin that causes mucosal damage and inflammation | clostridium difficile |
| found in feces, contaiminated milk, poultry, pork, and lamb---food tranfers to non-meated products | e. coli |
| s/s: non-bloody diarrhea for 10-12 times for 3-7 days | e. coli infectious colitis |
| an outpouching of the walls of the colon | diverticular disease |
| inflammation fo teh diverticulum | diverticulitis |
| the condition of having diverticula w/o any inflammation or symptoms | divericulosis |
| bacteria from food becomes trapped in the outpouches | diverticular disease |
| s/s: elevated WBC, lower left side abd pain | diverticular disease |
| inflammation of the veriform appendix | appendicitis |
| s/s: right lower quadrant pain, elevated WBC, posturing by ling on side/back with knees flexed | appendicitis |
| if pain during appendicitis stops without tx ________ | suspect rupture |
| 3 alteration in intestinal mobility | diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction |
| normal american stool evacuation ___ | 200-300g/day |
| excessive frequent passage of stools | diarrhea |
| 2 types of diarrhea | small volume and large volume |
| diarrhea with an icrease in the propulsive activity (usually an inflammatory response- IBS) | small volume diarrhea |
| diarrhea with increased water in the stool | large volume diarrhea |
| diarrhea + vomiting + fever = | food poisoning |
| diarrhea---water is secreted in; infectious agent; ex. food poisoning | secretory large volume diarrhea |
| diarrhea-----water is pulled in; lactose intolerance; usually goes away with fasting | osmotic large volume diarrhea |
| infrequent passage of stools | constipation |
| secondary constipation may be from and a sign of ____ | colon cancer |
| impairment of movement of contents from the oral to the anal direction | intestinal obstruction |
| 2 kinds of intestinal obstuctions | mechanical and paralytic |
| local or generalized inflammation of the peritoneum | peritonitis |
| s/s: elevated WBC, guarding, fever, chills, absent bowel sounds, sweating | peritonitis |
| failure to transport dietary componets from the intestines to the ECF | malabsorption |
| a group of s/s from multiple causes | malabsorption syndrome |
| most common type of neoplasm in the intestine | adenomatous polyps |
| mass that protrudes into the gut and usually begins benign but can become malignant | polyps |
| second leading cause of cancer death in the US but declining | colorectal cancer |
| s/s: recal bleeding, change in bowel habits, diarrhea or constipation, sense of urgency, pain | colorectal cancer |
| tx for colorectal cancer | resection |
Created by:
TayBay15
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