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Bio Disease HL
Defense Against Infectious Disease HL notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathogen | An organism or virus that causes diseases |
| Antibiotics | effective against becateria but not against viruses. They block specific metabolic pathways found in bacteria, but not in eukaryotic cells. Viruses reproduce using the host cell, eukaryotic cell, metabolic pathways that are not affected by antibiotics. |
| Antibiotics (benefits) | They have provided benefits to people throughout the world. Many diseases were fatal before them. |
| Skin | with keratin proteins is impregnable barrier to pathogens as long as intact. Sebaceous glands secret lactic/fatty acids make skin acidic, prvent pathogenic bacterial growth |
| Mucous membranes | soft areas tissue kept moist w/ mucus. Found lining nose, throat, urethra, vagina. Produce lysozyme, enzyme kills many bacteria. Mucus traps pathogents. Membranes easily torn thus most common sites entry for pathogens |
| Phagocytic Leukocytes | identify and ingest pathogents by phagocytosis. They can work in the blood, or they can squeze out through pores of the capillaries + move through body tissues to site of infection |
| Antigens | foregin substances that stimulate production of antibodies. They are usually proteins or polysaccharides associated with cell walls or bateria or fungi or protein coat of a virus |
| antibodies | globular proteins that bind to (complimentary to) an antigen. Once bound, they stimulate it's destruction. Antibodies usually bind to only one specific antigen. |
| HIV (first part) | causes reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss in the ability to produce antibodies.Thus disease it causes is AIDS(acquired immuno deficiency syndrome). Transmitted by transfer bodily fluids such as thru |
| HIV (2) | small tears vagina or penis during sex, shared needles, or thru placenta mother to fetus. Social implications include grief, loss of wages, possibly insurance biases, stigmatized by society and reduced sex. Cases not evenly distributed. |
| Process blood clotting | Platelets small cell fragments in the blood plasma. They adhere to damaged areas of blood vessels, enlarge, and along with the damaged cells, secrete clotting factors that cause other platelets to adhere, vasoconstriction, and formation of thrombin |
| Blood clotting (thrombin) | Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of soluble plasme protein fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms mesh of fibers at the wound, catching red blood cells and forming semi-solid clot. |
| Principle of challenge and response | Immunity to a disease in only developed if the disease challenges the immune system and the immune system responds |
| Clonal slection | Lymphocytes called B cells make antibodies. There are many diff types (10^15). One B cell can make only one type of antibody.If a B encounters an antigen to which its antibody binds, it will divide to form a clone of many cells. Called clonal selection |
| Clonal selection (2) | Sometimes severeal diff antibodies bind to same anitgen. Results in polyclonal selection. Some clones of B cells called memory B remain after infect done to start fast response if antigen comes again. Can result long term immunity |
| Active immunity | immunity die to production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body's defense mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens |
| Passive immunity | immunity due to acquisition of anitbodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including via placenta, colostrum (mother's first milk) or by injection of antibodies. |
| Antibody production (1) | Macrophages activate Tcells by takingin antigens by phagocytosis, processing them+ displaying them in their surfce membrane along with MHC proteins. Immature helper T attaches if it has a receptor in its surface membrane that matches the displayed antigen |
| Antibody prod (2) | The macrphage secretes interleukins which stimulate the helper T to enlarge and begin dividing to form more helper T. An immature B cell w/proper receptor antibody in its surfc membrane binds to antigen, ingests, processes + displays in srfc membrn w/ MHC |
| Antobody prod (3) | An activated helper Tcell w/ matching receptior for antigen attaches and secretes interleukins which stimulate Bcell to enlarge +divide into memory cells and antibody secreting plasma cells |
| Monoclonal Antibodies (1) | Large amts of a single antibody can be made using the following procedure-Antigents that correspond to the desired antibody injected into animal (like rat). B cells producing the wanted antibodies extracted from animals spleen. Tumor cells obtained. |
| MABS (2) | B cells fused with tumor cells producing hybridoma cells that divide endlessly and produce wanted antibody. Hybridoma cells cultured and antibodies they produce extracted +purified |
| MABS diagnosis | used for diagnosis many diseases like AIDS. Testplate coated w/ Mabs. Blood sample left on plate so antigens will bind to Mabs. Blood sample rinses off plate. Boudn antigens detected using more Mabs w/enzymes attached that cause color change |
| Mabs treatment | used for treatment many diseases including cancer. Cancer cells can be targeted by attaching drugs to Mabs. The drugs are then delivered directly to only cancer cells. |
| Vaccines (1) | modified forms of disease causing micro organisms that stimulate the body to develop immunity to diseas w/o fully developing the disease. Can contain weakened or killed pathogens or chemicals produced by pathogen that acts as antigens. |
| Vaccines (2) | Antigen in vaccine stimulate formation of plasma and memory B cells and subsequent production of antibodies. Memory cell formation improtant in even actual disease met. Sometimes 2 vacs needed to boost antibody production |
| Vaccines benefits | providing long term immunity agaisnt dieases that have harmful side effects, total elimination of diseases, prevention of pandemics and epidemics and decreased health care costs |
| Vaccines dangers | rarely people develop disease from vaccine b/c improper make of vaccine or have depressed immune system,large amounts of vaccination may reduce ability of immune system to respond to new diseases, some vaccines have mercury which could have toxic effects |
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ameliarv
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