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Bio Lab Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fertilization | the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei; produces a zygote |
| Zygote | Formed by fertilization |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid; genetic material |
| Fission | splitting of a preexisting cell into two |
| Mitosis | nuclear division; exact replication |
| Cytokinesis | cytoplasmic division |
| Nucleoprotein | DNA-protein complex |
| Sister Chromatids | two identical condensed nucleoproteins |
| Centromere | point at which sister chromatids attach |
| Duplicated Chromosomes | Two attached sister chromatids |
| Meristems | Regions of active growth |
| Interphase | Clear nucleus, more than one nucleoli, and chromatin dispersed within the bounds of the nuclear envelope |
| Phases of Mitosis | PMAT |
| Prophase (Plant) | Chromatin condenses, microtubules begin to assemble into spindle fibers; nuclear envelope breaks down |
| Spindle | 3-D structure widest in the middle and tapering to a point at the two poles |
| Poles | Opposite ends of the cell |
| Metaphase (Plant) | Chromosomes line up at the spindle equator; spindle fibers attach to kinetochore |
| Spindle Equator | Middle of the cell |
| Kinetochore | groups of proteins that form the outer faces of centromeres |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles |
| Telophase | Daughter chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the pole; spindle diorganizes; chromosomes expand into chromatin; nuclear envelope reforms |
| Cell Plate Formation | Divides daughter cells in plants |
| Metaphase (Animal) | Centrioles appear; chromatin condenses; spindle extends from centrioles; nuclear envelope disappears |
| Cleavage Furrow | Cell pinched in two, forming two discrete cytoplasmic entities, each with a single nucleus |
| Product of Chromosome Duplication | Two chromatids |
| True-breeding | All self-fertilized offspring displayed the same form of a trait as their parent |
| Monohybrid Cross | Only one trait is being studied |
| Gene Pair | two gene at homologous loci |
| Alleles | different forms of genes |
| Law of Segregation | Each organism contains two alleles for each trait and the alleles segregate during the formation of gametes |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an individual |
| Phenotype | physical traits |
| Dominant | Masks the recessive trait |
| Recessive | Hides behind the dominant trait; only shows when both alleles are recessive |
| Complete Dominance | dominant allele completely masks the expression or effect of the recessive allele |
| Homozygous | both alleles in a nucleus are identical |
| Heterozygous | both a dominant and recessive allele are present |
| Punnett Square | Used to determine possible gamete genotypes |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics |
| Nucleotide | Made of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base; held together by hydrogen bonds |
| Ecology | study of interactions between living organisms and their evniorment |
| Oikos | "house" in Greek |
| Population | group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at a given time |
| Community | consists of ALL the population species occupying a given area at a given time |
| Ecosystem | combination of the community and its environment |
| Producers | autotrophic organisims |
| Consumers | heterotrophic ogransims |
| Primary Consumers | Herbivores; eat plant material |
| Secondary Consumer | Eat primary consumers; carnivores |
| Tertiary Consumers | Consumes secondary consumers; Omnivores |
| Parasites | absorb nutrients from a living host for a period of time |
| Decomposers | FBI; break down dead organic material from organisms or all trophic levels |
| Survivorship Curves | graphs that plot the pattern of mortality in population |
| Type I Curve | Humans; high survivorship until some age and then high mortality |
| Type II Curve | relatively constant death rate |
| Type III Curve | lots of babies, most die |
| Optimal Foraging Theory | Individuals will try to maximize their energy intake and minimize their energy/time expended on obtaining food |
| Optimal foraging can be accomplished depending on... | Abilities of the individual or species; prey consumed, caloric value of the prey, and the amount of tie required to capture and consume the prey |
| Optimal foraging is.... | Dynamic and should be expected to change with locality, season, and environmental conditions |
| Keystone Species | Wiregrass and Gopher Tortoise |
| Gopher Tortoise | digs deep burrowns and spreads seeds |
| Benefits of Fires | 1. Ash to fertilizer 2. Seed germination 3. Blooming triggered 4. Clears the non-fire adapted vegetation |
| Deciduous Trees | Drop their leaves in the fall, common in North Alabama; fires bad |
| Invasive Species | organisms that can disrupt natural communities by out-competing what was already there; fire ants, mimosa, privet |
| Grass roots help prevent... | Soil erosion |
| Symbiotic Relationship | Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism |
| Wiregrass Region of Alabama | fire-maintained habitats; in Southeast Alabama |
| Longleaf Pine Forest Ecosystem | scattered longleaf in trees and very diverse layer of vegetation |
| Continuous stretch of wiregrass... | burns quickly so fire does not stay in one place for too long |
| What has the highest plant diversity in a longleaf pine forest? | ground layer of herbs |
Created by:
crjacobs
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