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micro unit 3

tortora chapters 12- 15

termdefinitionexample
fungi a morphologically diverse group of spre-bearing, chlorophyllus, usu. non-motile organisms with a cell wall
general characteristics of fungi eukaryotic, glucans, mannans, and chitin in cell wall, no chlorophyll, chemoheterotrophic, mostly saprobes, may be dimorphic, most non-motile, acidic pH, osmophilic, aerobic, metabolize complex carbs Candida albican is unicellular at 37 degrees, and filamentous at 25 degrees
dimorphic fungi change in shape due to temperature Candida albican
hyphae long tubular protoplasmic structures that make up the body of a mold or fleshy fungus (blank)
pseudohyphae occurs when the bud does not separate from the mother cell before budding again (blank)
septa cross-wall structures that divide hyphae into compartments (blank)
coenocytic multinucleated or non-septate hypha early schizont of P. vivax
mycelium mass of branching hyphae (blank)
budding or fission reproduction of yeast cells (blank)
budding of spores reproduction of mold sporangiospores, conidiospores, arthrospores, chlamydospores, blastospores
sporangiospores are produced inside a swollen fertile structure Rhizopus nigrican, Mucor stolonifer
conidiospores produced in a chain, not in an enclosed sac; open spores Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger
arthrospores formed due to fragmentation of hyphae into single, slightly thickened cells; common in mycosis Coccidioide immitis
blastospores produced from budding of parent cells some candida species
chlamydosporse produced by swelling within a hypha; common in the anal region Cladosporium weneckii
plasmogamy stage one of sexual reproduction of fungi; fusion of the cytoplasm of two hyphae (blank)
karyogamy stage two; fusion of the nucleii (blank)
meiosis stage three; reduction division (blank)
zygospores sexual spore produced when teh nuclei of two morphologically similar cells fuse Phylum zygomycota
ascospores produced when nucleii of two morphologically similar or dissimilar cells fuse phylum ascomycota
ascus where ascospores are produced (blank)
basidiospores developed from the end of a club shaped structure basidiomycotta= mushroom
deuteromycota fungi imperfecti; only asexual reproduction candida albicans (infects the blood, blastospores), C. immitis (respiratory infection, arthospores)
zygomycota conjugation fungi' saprophytic, nonseptate, sexual by zygospores, asexual by sporangiospores rhizopus (lung infection), mucor (lung infection)
basidiomycota club fungi; septate hyphae, sexual by basidiospores, asexual by conidiospores C. neoformans (lung infection, possible death: common in HIV patients and can't be treated by antibiotic)
ascomycota sac fungi have septate hyphae, dimorphic, sexual by ascospores, asexual by conidio or arthospores Aspergillus (lung and ear infections= oportunistic)
mycosis fungal disease (blank)
systemic mycosis deep infection, may involve a number of tissues and organs, caused by saprobes in the soil; infection by inhalation and non-contagious H. capsulatum (Histoplasmosis= TB of lungs), C. immitis
subcutaneous mycosis beneath the skin: dermis, hair follicle, nail bed, saprophytic dermatophytes on vegetation and in soil, infection by wound or puncture in skin, are contagious L. loboi (lobomycosis)
superficial mycosis localized infections of hair shaft and skin: called piedras due to hard nodules formed, or tinae; commonly found in soil (blank)
opportunistic mycosis caused by a fungus that is harmless under normal conditions but may become pathogenic in a compromised host aspergillosis, candidiasis
protozoans unicellular, usu motile, eukaryotic protist (fr. kingdom protista) plant like and animal like (blank)
protozoal cell must have a cytoplasmic body and a nucleus most have one nucleus, but may have two or more, mostly aerobic, motile, asexual and sexual reproduction, some may produce cyst (blank)
schizogony multiple fission; means of asexual reproduction in protozoans (blank)
protozoal means of locomotion pseudopodia, flagella, cilia (blank)
sexual reproduction of protozoa conjugation or by syngamy (fusion of gametes) (blank)
asexual reproduction of protozoans binary fission or schizogony (blank)
sarcodina amoebas (move by projecting pseudopodia), transmitted by ingestion of food contaminated with cyst E. histolytica (causes amoebic dysentery)
mastigophora protozoa that move by flagella, have trophozoites (usu. spindle shaped), no cyst, transmitted by sex, dirty toilets or towels G. lamlia (giardiasis= chronic diarrhea), T. vaginalis (vaginitis), T. gambiense (african sleeping sickness fr. tsetse fly bite)
ciliata protozoa that move with help of cilia B. coli (dysentery)
sporozoa non motile in mature form, obligate intracellular parasites P. vivax (malaria), T. gondii (toxoplasmosis
vectors a living insect or other transporter of pathogenic microorganisms tic, lice, mosquitos
arthropod: tic (ixodes) causes: Borreliosis B. burgdorferi
arthropods: lice (pediculus) causes epidemic typhus rickettsias and spirochetes
arthropods: mosquito (anopheles- female only) causes malaria P. vivax
arthropods: mosquito (culex) causes encephalitis (inflamation of brain membranes) arboVIRUS
arthropods: tsetse fly causes sleping sickness T. gamniense
virus non-living; only considered living after entering living host; non-cellular entity which consist mainly of protein and nucleic acid (DNA an RNA) latin for "poison"
Dmitri Iwanoski discovered tobacco mosaic disease in 1892; nothing would grow on petri dish, but killed plants when sprayed on them (blank)
contagium vivum fluidum a living infectious fluid; what iwanoski called the virus he discovered (blank)
unique qualities of viruses no metabolism and few or no enzymes of their own, no intrinsic motility, cannot grow on artificial lab media, do not respond to physical stimuli in their environment (blank)
specificity a. presence of specific receptors on cell wall surface b. availability of cellular factors (nutrients, enzymes etc) required for viral multiplication HIV specific for T4 cells, P. vivax for RBC's
viral classes animal, plant, and bacterial viruses (blank)
viral size range from 20- 450 nm in diameter and 20- 14,000 nm in length Polio virus is the smallest at about 20 nm
viral structure an infectious viral particle, a fully assembled virus, is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; all parts are assembled separately then put together; without all parts connected, it will not affect other cells (blank)
capsid protein coat surrounding the DNA or RNA in a nucleus (blank)
virion a fully assembled, infectious, viral particle (blank)
viral nucleic acid may have either DNA or RNA, but never both (blank)
viral DNA single stranded, double stranded; circular or linear (blank)
viral RNA single stranded, double stranded, linear or circular HIV retrovirus= double stranded linear
capsid or nucleocapsid composed of protein subunits of one or more than one protein (blank)
envelope sometimes surrounds the capsid, consists of a combination of lipids, proteins, and CHO (blank)
capsomeres protein subunits that make up the capsid (blank)
spikes sometimes surround envelope; antigens; CHO and protein complex used for identification, attachmnet to host, cause hemagglutination (can be deadly) (blank)
naked virus nonenveloped virus (blank)
polyhedral many sided virus; many plant, animal, and bacterial viruses are icosahedron (20 faces and 12 corners) poliovirus
helical resemble long rods that may be flexible or rigid tobacco mosaic virus
enveloped virus have a roughly spherical but somewhat variable shape even though the nucleocapsid may be either icosahedral or helical HIV virus
complex virus have capsid symmetry that is neither purely icosahedral nor helical. may have tails or other structures or have complex, multilayered walls surrounding nucleic acids T4 Bacteriophage; **ONLY BACTERIAL VIRUSES
cultivation of bacterial virus may only be grown on media with living cells; no tissue culture (blank)
plaque method viruses are cultured on a solid culture of bacteria; most common method
liquid media viruses may be cultured in a suspension of bacteria; if virus is present, turbidity will increase because bacteria are killed (blank)
cultivation of animal viruses living animals, embryonated egge, and cell cultures; cell lines and continuous cell lines (blank)
continuous cell lines cells that grow on top of one another; hybridoma; tissue culture derived from cancer cell
primary cell lines grow for 2 or 3 generations then die; grow in a monolayer normal tissue
cultivation of plant viruses living plants and plant cell lines (blank)
which cells can get cancer? ALL nucleated (eukaryotic) cells (blank)
plaques clear zones on a bacterial lawn in the plaque method that indicate presence of a virus (blank)
multiplication of bacteriophages 1. attachment/ adsorption 2. penetration (DNA) or entry 3. biosynthesis of viral components 4. maturation/ assembly 5. release (blank)
eclipse period a period in shich no complete viruses or no infection particles are detectable in the host cell from attachment to biosynthesis
isolation of bacteriophages 1. sewage water is filtered to remove large components 2. add filtrate to bacterial culture NOT to bacterial culture medium (this is just the broth, with no bacteria present)
burst size number of mature viruses released from a single host cell; 250-300 (blank)
burst time time between attachment and release; 20-30 minutes (blank)
multiplication of animal viruses 1. attachment/ adsorption 2. penetration (entire virus) 3. uncoating 4. biosynthesis 5. maturation 6. release (blank)
lytic cycle bacteria dies, virus carries it's own viral DNA (blank)
lysogenic cycle viral DNA joins DNA of host; no cell death (yet) (blank)
prophage viral DNA + bacterial DNA (blank)
provirus viral DNA + animal DNA (blank)
lysogeny viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial DNA; once infected immune to that virus again; may exhibit new properties like resistance, production of toxins, specialized transduction (blank)
proto-oncogenes (20 known) normally functioning regulator genes; a switch that is turned off by cancer causing viruses produce protein kinases
oncogenes "mad genes" caused by high E. radiation, mutagenic chemicals, and some viruses, allow continued growth of cells (blank)
DNA proto-oncogenic viruses poxvirus, papilloma virus, herpes virus (blank)
RNA oncogenic viruses retroviruses HIV-1, HIV-2
prions proteinaceous infectious particles possibly generated in or by the host; incubation for 15-20 years; can not be lab-grown; non-living, no DNA; spongy brain mad cow disease, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia
pathogen a microbe that can cause disease in a susceptible host; does not always cause disease (blank)
pathology the scientific study of disease (blank)
disease any change from a state of health contagious does not mean infectious
infectious disease involves microbes (blank)
non-infectious disease does not involve microbes; genes etc Grave's Disease
infection colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms; we are infected ALL the time; there are not always signs and symptoms of infection (blank)
normal flora microbes that colonize an animal without causing a disease; over 100 species for adult human C. xerosis, dipthroids, Hemophilus and Neisseria, Actinomyces, Bacteroids, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Enterococcus
normal flora of a fetus none! a healthy fetus is sterile until birth membranes break HIV cannot pass through placenta unless internal injury occurs
commensalism form of symbiosisin which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected; opposite of parasitism Corynebacteria (eye), Saprophitic mycobacteria (ear, genitals) like M. smegmatis (ear wax)
mutulism form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit E. coli in the large intestine synthesize vitamin K and B vitamins
parasitism form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and one is harmed Chlamydiae (STD), any disease causing microbe
opportunistic organisms do not cause disease under normal conditions but cause disease in a compromised host E. Coli if it travels out of the colon
Exception to Koch's postulate etiologies of diseases caused by viruses, and some bacteria which do not grow on artificial medium T. pallidum (syphilis)
exception to Koch's postulate some pathologies may be caused by a variety of microbes pneumonia and nephritis
exception to Koch's postulate some pathogens cause several different diseases S. pyogenes
sporadic disease occurs occasionally in a population typhoid fever in the U.S.
endemic disease is constantly present in a certain population common cold, STD's
epidemic disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short amount of time influenza
pandemic disease epidemic that occurs world wide AIDS
acute disease symptoms develop rapidly but las for only a short time flu
chronic disease illnes that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods of time TB, syphilis
subacute disease a disease with symptoms between acute and chronic sclerosingpanencephalitis (SPE)
latent characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive; more like a phase of a disease shingles, AIDS
reservoirs a continual source of infection is called a reservoir of infection humans, water
direct contact transmission person to person hugging, kissing, touching, etc
indirect contact transmission through fomites pens, needles, utensils
droplet contact transmission through saliva and mucus, and other body fluids; when transmitted less than one meter (blank)
common vehicle transmission a large number of people infected through the same inanimate reservoir nosocomial infections, water born diseases
airborne transmission pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance > 1 meter Q. fever, histoplasmosis (fr. H. capsulatum)
most common nosocomial infection urinary tract infection improper catheter technique
most common cause of nosocomial infection opportunistic, drug resistant, gram negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, E. coli (non surgical), S. Aureus (surgical)
how an infectious disease occurs 1. transported to the host 2. adhere to, colonize, or invade host 3. multiply 4. evade host defense mechanisms 5. possess ability to damage host must have enzyme, poison, or toxin to damage host
incubation time interval between actual infection and first appearance of signs and symptoms deer tic bite to development of small rash at bite site; hours to days
prodromal period appearance of mild sighs and symptoms rash spreads, fever develops
illness disease is at its height and all signs and symptoms are present full rash, high fever, joint pain; if treatment is given, immune system prevails, proceed to decline, alternatively: death)
decline signs and symptoms subside if not diagnosed and treated properly, may have lifelong symptoms
convalescence body returns to pre-diseased state, and health is restored. :)
Created by: allysav
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