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BIO 152 Test 3 32/33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animal | multicellular heterotrophs; cells don’t have cell walls and store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen; made of several tissue types (nervous and muscular); use sexual reproduction almost exclusively |
| Multicellular heterotrophs | obtain organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them |
| Glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| Nervous tissue | tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells |
| Muscle tissue | tissue consisting of long muscle cells that can contract, either on it’s own or when stimulated by nerve impulses |
| How animals are classified | differences in shape and developmental processes |
| How plants are classified | by degree of reproductive sophistication |
| Gastrulation | developmental process where the early embryo begins to form different tissues and organs; three layers ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm |
| Germ layer | one of three main layers in a gastrula that will form the various tissues and organs of an animal body |
| Protozoa | animals originated from this; earliest animals were gastrula-like; occurred during Precambrian period 575 MYA |
| Cambrian explosion | 535-525 million years ago, 35 animal phyla appeared within 40 million years |
| Burgess shale | best place in the world to see fossils of Cambrian animals |
| Causes of Cambrian explosion | ecological, geologic, and genetic |
| Ecological causes | emergence of predator-prey relationships (protective shells, locomotion) |
| Geologic causes | high levels of atmospheric oxygen supporting active metabolism, supporting increased motility. Melting of “snowball earth” |
| Genetic causes | evolution of the Hox gene complex of regulatory genes; leads to variation in morphology during embryonic development (different body patterns arise through changes in gene number, regulation, or function) |
| Ancestral protozoa | parazoa and eumetazoa |
| Parazoa | tissues are non-differentiated; do not use gastrulation (phylum profera=sponges) |
| Eumetazoa | tissues are differentiated; use gastrulation to form tissues; radiate and bilateria |
| Radiata | animals have radial symmetry/diploblastic (phylum cnidarian=jelly fish) |
| Bilateria | animals have bilateral symmetry; triploblastic (with mesoderm); acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates |
| Acoelomates | germ layers are not separated by spaces, animal is solid; phylum Platyhelminthes (tapeworms, planaria) |
| Pseudocoelomates | germ layers are partially separated by spaces, small cavity=pseudocoelom; phylum nematode (roundworms) |
| Coelomates | germ layers are totally separated by space, cavity=coelom, acts like cushion for protection and enables free movement; protostomes and deuterostomes |
| Coelom | internal body cavity that subdivides animals with bilateral symmetry |
| Protostomes | mollusks, annelids, arthropods |
| Deuterostomes | echinoderms, chordates |
| Protostomes | cleavage is spiral, blastopore forms the mouth and archenteron forms the anus; phylum Mollusca (clams, snails, octopus), phylum annelida (earthworms), and phylum arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) |
| Deuterostomes | cleavage is radial, a new opening appears and forms the mouth, blastospore forms the anus; phylum echinoderm and phylum chordate |
| Phylum echinoderm | starfish, sea urchins |
| Phylum chordate | includes all vertebrate animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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