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BIO 152 Test 3 27

Bacteria and Archaea

QuestionAnswer
Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years, very numerous, inhabit every potential habitat, very simple morphology
Morphology an organism’s external form
Morphology of bacteria unicellular, small 1-5 um, cell wall is made of sugars and proteins (peptidoglycan), DNA stores in nucleoid region
Peptidoglycan a type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
Archaebacteria have no peptidoglycan; their cell walls are made of polysaccharides and proteins
Gram stain/Gram test common cell wall staining method that divides bacteria into two groups based on differences cell wall composition
Gram-positive bacteria Have simpler walls with a lot of peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbs bonded to lipids); more pathogenic, outer layer is toxic
Capsule extra polysaccharides or protein for protection
Pilli/Fimbriae appendages that enable bacteria to join together (some “sex)
Flagella appendage used for swimming towards food (Chemotaxis)
Chemotaxis change in movement pattern in responses to chemicals
Cytoplasm no organelles, although plasma membrane can be invaginated; most enzymatic processes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is present; DNA is clumped into a nucleoid
Nucleoid where chromosome is located, a region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm
Plasmids smaller rings of separately replicating DNA, most only carrying a few genes that are beneficial but not critical
Reproduction bacteria divide quickly (every 20 minutes) by binary fission (asexual); growth is limited by available food, competition, and the presence of metabolic wastes; occasionally use conjugation
Conjugation genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined. Chromosome is cut open and passes through pilli across a “mating bridge”
Endospores go into dormant stage and can endure extremely harsh conditions
Prokaryotes are classified by staining methods and metabolic processes (aerobe vs. anaerobe)
Obligate aerobes use oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it
Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen
Archaeabacteria rare and live in unusual environments (halophiles, thermophiles), more lossely related to eukarya than bacteria
Eubacteria very common and live in virtually every habitat
Nuclear envelope absent in bacteria and archaea, present in eukarya
Membrane-enclosed organelles absent in bacteria and archaea, present in eukarya
Peptidoglycan in cell walls present in bacteria, absent in archae and eukarya
Response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol growth inhibited in bacteria. growth not inhibited in archaea and eukarya
Histones associated with DNA absent in bacteria, present in archaea and eukarya
Circular chromosomes present in bacteria and archaea, absent in eukarya
Ability to grow at temperatures >100 C only Archaea, not bacteria or eukarya
Cyanobacteria one of the first bacteria to evolve, use photosynthesis, they introduced oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere (respiring organisms evolved only after the existence of cyanobacteria)
Decomposers large number of bacteria, derive energy from breakdown of waste products from other organisms
Nitrogen fixers most organic molecules contain nitrogen; some “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into organic molecules
Pathogenic bacteria many bacteria can grow within other organisms, thus causing diseases
Created by: AliRutherford
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