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Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Multicellular Organisms | Organisms with more than one cell Each cell has its own job |
| Asexual Reproduction | One parent cell produces one offspring cell through mitosis and binary fission |
| Sexual Reproduction | Two parents mixing DNA to produce offspring by meiosis and crossing over |
| Haploid Cell | Half of the DNA pair |
| Diploid Cell | Both DNA halves together |
| Gamete | An egg or a sperm A Haploid |
| Zygote | Product of fertilization A Diploid |
| Meiosis | Replicating DNA Two Divisions: 1)Separates homologous pairs 2)Separates sister chromatids |
| Sister Chromatid | Product of the S Phase Made from a chromosome being replicated |
| Homologous Chromosome | Same Chromosome from different parents Only in Diploid (eukaryotic only) |
| Crossing Over (recombination) | Exchanging genes between homologues Creates genetic variation |
| Independent Assortment | The way tetrads align during metaphase Governs which homologue goes to whice gamete |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of homologues to separate Results in an aneunploid |
| Aneuploid Cell | Mutation resulting from the wrong number of chromosomes |
| Hybrid | Offspring of two different parents |
| Mono hybrid cross | One trait from a cross |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles on the same gene |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles on the same gene |
| Genotype | Determines the phenotype by creating proteins (the "blueprint") |
| Phenotype | Physical appearance due to gene expression |
| Segregation of alleles | Separation of homologues in meiosis |
| Pedigree Analysis | Looking at the Phenotype |
| Test Cross | Test performed to find the genotype |
| Phosphodiester Backbone | Holds DNA together Outside of the double helix Held together by covalent bonds |
| Semi conservative replication | Half old DNA and half new DNA Attached together by DNA polymerase |
| DNA polymerase | Class of enzymes that all synthesize DNA from a preexisting template Use a 5' to a 3' direction Require a primer to extend |
| Primer | Short pieces of DNA that help start DNA replication |
| Semidiscontinuous replication | When the upside-down DNA strand starts and stops randomly |
| Fertilization | The fusion of two haploid gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote nucleus |
| True breeding | A breed or variety of organism in which offspring are uniform and consistent from one generation to the next |
| Dominant | An allele that is expressed when present in either heterozygous or the homozygous condition |
| Recessive | An allele that is only expressed when present in the homozygous condition Hidden by the expression of a dominant allele |
| Allele | One of two or more alternative states of a gene |
| Dihybrid cross | A single genetic cross involving two different traits (ex. Flower color, Flower Height) |
| Independent Assortment | Describes the random assortment of alleles for each gene in a dihybrid cross |
| Multi-hybrid Cross | |
| Mendelian Phenotypic Ratio | Dominant-to-Recessive ratio (observed by Mendel) |
| Linkage | Physical location of genes |
| Sex Phenotype | Gender (Male or Female) |
| Dosage Compensation | The expression of genes carried on sex chromosomes Kept the same in males and females |
| Extrachromosomal Ineritance (Cytoplasmic Inheritance) | Genes are passed to the offspring by the ctyoplasmic donor (the mother) |
| Chromosome Mapping | Distance between genes and chromosomes |
| Recombination Frequency | The value obtained by dividing the number of recombinant progeny by the total progeny in a genetic cross |
| Transforming Principle | DNA that is transferred from one individual to another in genetic transformation |
| Chargaff's Rule | Rule that states all DNA has a 1:1 ratio for the lipids that make it up |
| Double Helix Structure | DNA base structure |
| End-Replication Problem | The two strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel to one another |
| Telomere | Specialized non-transcribed structure that caps each end of a chromosome |
| DNA Repair | Inproperly inserted DNA |
| 1 Gene- 1 Enzyme Hypothesis | Both parents pass down a bad gene The offspring receives both bad genes |
| Central Dogma | Information Flow 1)Information stored in DNA 2)Information copied into RNA 3)Information is read and translated into protein |
| Transcription | Enzyme catalyzed assembly of an RNA molecule complimentary to a strand of DNA |
| Universal Genetic Code | Strongest evidence that all living things share common ancestry |
| RNA Polymerases | Initiation does not require a primer |
| Promoter | DNA sequence that provides a recognition and attachment site for RNA polymerase to being the process of gene transcription |
| mRNA Processing | |
| Translation | The assembly of a protein on the ribosomes using mRNA |
| Transfer RNA | Class of small RNAs with two functional sites |
| Ribosome | Part of the cell that carries out protein sythesis |
| Polypeptide | Molecule consisting of many joined amino acids |
| Mutation | Permanent change in the cell's DNA |
| Gene Regulation | Wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA) |
| Transcription Initiation Control | Elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica |
| Inducible Operon | Gene system, often encoding a coordinated group of enzymes involved in a catabolic pathway |
| Repressible Operon | Synthesis of a coordinated group of enzymes, involved in a single synthetic (anabolic) pathway |
| Transcription Factor | One of a set of proteins required for RNA polymerase to bind to a eukaryotic promoter region |
| Chromatin Remodeling | Modification of large proteins in the DNA |
| Alternative Splicing | In eukaryotes, the production of different mRNAs from a single primary transcription by including different sets of exons |
| Development | Growth of a cell population when one cell divides into two daughter cells |
| Cell Division | Process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells |
| Cleavage | In vertebrates, a rapid series of successive cell divisions of a fertilized egg forming a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula |
| Differentiation | Developmental process by which a relatively unspecialized cell undergoes a progressive change to a more specialized form/function |
| Cell Determination | Molecular decision process by which a cell becomes destined for a particular developmental pathway |
| Induction | Production of enzymes in response to a substrate |
| Stem Cell Potency | Describes a stem cell's ability to differentiate into different cell types |
| Pattern Formation | Visible orderly outcomes of genetics |
| Polarity | Refers to unequal charge distribution in a molecule (ex. Water) |
| Morphogen Gradient | Describes a mechanism by which the emission of a signal from one part of an embryo can determine the location, differentiation and fate of many surrounding cells |
| Segmentation Genes | Any of the three classes of genes that control development of the segmented body plan of insects |
| Morphogenesis | Development of an organisim's body Mainly its organs and anatomical features |
| Unequal Cytokinesis | |
| Apoptosis | Process of programmed cell death in which dying cells shrivel up and shrink |
| Operon | Cluster of adjacent structural genes transcribed as a unit into a single mRNA molecule |
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bigaldoe
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