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Microbiology
Chapter 14 & 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flora | *Normal Microbiota in Hosts *colonize the body without normally causing disease |
| Transient microbiota | *Remain in the body for only hours to months |
| Why Transient microbiota persist in body? | due to competition from other microorganisms, elimination by the body’s defense cells(WBC, phagocytosis in immune system) |
| How Normal Flora Become Opportunistic Pathogens? | *Immune suppression *Changes in the normal flora *Introduction of normal flora into unusual site in the body |
| Portals of Entry of pathogens | Skin, Mucous membranes, Placenta Parenteral route(injection, spider/tic bite(forced entry)) |
| The Role of Adhesion in Infection and reason | Microorganisms attach themselves to cells. Attachment is needed to successfully establish colonies within the host |
| How does an infection bind to host cell receptor | Surface lipoproteins or glycoproteins, called ligands |
| How infections determine specificity for host cells | Interaction of ligand with host receptor |
| How does the cells prevent infections | Ability to change or block the ligand or its receptor |
| What other ways can Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other | formation of biofilm |
| Robert Koch's germ theory | developed a set of postulates one must satisfy to prove a particular pathogen causes a particular disease |
| Koch’s postulates | must be present in every case of the disease,not found in healthy subjects, isolated and grown in pure culture,cultured agent must cause disease when its inoculated into healthy experimental host,must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host. |
| what factors must the Microbes have | antiphagocytic that prevent phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells Example: bacterial capsule *Often composed of chemicals found in the body and not recognized as foreign |
| How can phagocytosis be blocked by capsule | *bacterium escapes from the phagocyte(Ex:Klebsiella can cause flu, pneumonia, and it makes capsules) *bacterium reproduces inside the phagocyte (Ex: Listeria) |
| Three types of transmission of infectious diseases | *Contact(direct,indirect, droplet) *vehicle(air,water,food borne), *vector(biological,mechanical) transmission |
| Examples of normal flora | *Staphylococcus aureus *Diphtheroids can colonize the nose and nasal cavity E.g. Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| Signs of Diphtheria | Sore throat, pseudomembrane, G(+), Snapping division |
| Diphtheria is caused by | Cornybacterium diphtheriae |
| Virulent C. diptheriae | *diptheriae produce diphtheria toxin (the toxin is the virulence factor), which prevents eukaryotic animal (host) cell protein synthesis and causes cell death *Virulent means its able to cause disease |
| key diagnostic feature of diphtheria | pseudomembrane |
| how are the Cell arrangement of Gram-stained cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae | “Chinese lettering” or palisade arrangement |
| how is diphtheria spread | person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact |
| Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diphtheria | *Diagnosis based on presence of a pseudomembrane *Treated by administration of antitoxin and antibiotics *Immunization is an effective prevention |
| Tuberculosis | *Bacterial disease of LOWER respiratory system. *M. tuberculosis can remain viable for long periods in aerosol drops *Immunocompromised individuals are most at risk *leading killer of HIV+ individuals |
| Influenza | *Viral disease in lower R. system *enveloped virus *2 types of glycoproteins spikes P-P interaction (Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) mutations are responsible for production of new strains *Antigenic drift, Antigenic shift |
| Antigenic drift | slowly, small changes of DNA sequence over time |
| Antigenic shift | Happens Suddenly, shuffling of major chain of the DNA sequence it leads to pandemic |
| Immunization with a multivalent vaccine – what does this mean? | When combination of virus pieces of virus and different combinations of glycoprotein spikes are used |
| What's the most common type of infection? | Respiratory Tract Inefection |
| Treponema pallidum | Doesn't grow on agar, only in Rabbit's testie, Spirochete sexually transmitted, doesn't follow Koch's rules |
| Biofilm | doesn't follow Koch's rules because they have mixed communities, they won't look the same if seperated |
| Direct Contact examples | hand shaking which causes staphylococcus, e.coli, herpes, etc.) |
| Indirect Contact Examples | pathogens spread by fomites <- pencils, desks Ex)S. pneumonia in day care toys |
| Droplet Examples | Sneezing and coughing. If pathogen travels more than 1 meter in droplet, its not considered droplet transmission, it's considered air borne transmission |
| Airborne infection examples | Staphylococcus, streptococcus |
| waterborne infection examples | cholerae caused by bacteria called Vibrio cholerae(helical shape) |
| foodborne infection examples | Listeria, E.coli, salmonela |
| Biological infection examples | butting arthropod, spider injects, mosquito (all transmits malaria and lice) |
| Mechanical infection examples | House flies, cockroaches carrying organisms on feet ex)salmonela and e.coli |
| Upper and Lower Respiratory system | Organisms are found in the upper respiratory tract because of breathing, lower part is not typically habitat w/ organisms |
| Role of alveolar in R. system | blood transfer O2 from lung to blood system |
| Alveolar macrophage | hands around/bottom of lungs. It's a defense mechanism against pathogens |
| TB in lungs | small enough to get into Alveoli. Can sit there to grow and replicate itself |
| What is the challenge when trying to treat TB? | Can't get drug into macrophage because its surrounded by collagen |
Created by:
izis
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