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Cell and Molec
Chapter 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Peroxisome | small membrane-enclosed organelle that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules. Contains some enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and others that degrade it |
| Endosome | Membrane enclosed compartment of a eucaryotic cell through which endocytosed material passes on its way to the lysosomes |
| Endomembrane System | composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. |
| Protein Sorting | biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside of it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or secretion out the cell |
| Protein Translocators | mainly found on the outer mitochondrial membrane. It interacts with StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) to transport cholesterol into mitochondria |
| Transport Vesicles | any vesicle that transports material around the cell. More specifically, transport vesicles are usually refered to those vesicles that transport material from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi apparatus or from one part of the Golgi to another |
| Signal Sequence | amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific location in the cell, such as the nucleus or mitochondria |
| Nuclear Pore | Channel through the nuclear envelope that allows selected large molecules to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Chaperone | proteins that assist the non-covalent folding or unfolding, assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures, but do not occur in these structures when the structures are performing their normal biological functions |
| Rough ER | region of the endoplasmic reticulum associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins |
| Signal Recognition Particle SRP | abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes |
| Translocation channel | transports proteins in an unfolded manner |
| Endocytic Pathway | |
| Coated Vesicles | small membrane-enclosed organelle with a cage of proteins (the coat) on its cytosolic surface. It is formed by the pinching off a protein-coated region of membrane. |
| Rab Proteins | a family of small GTP-binding proteins present on the surfaces of transport vesicles and organelles that serve as molecular markers identifying each membrane type. Rab proteins help to ensure that transport vesicles fuse only with the correct membrane |
| SNAREs | one of a family of membrane proteins responsible for the selective fusion of vesicles with a target membrane inside the cell |
| Glycoprotein | any protein with one or more covalently linked oligosaccharide chains. Includes most secreted proteins and most proteins exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane |
| Unfolded Protein Response | cellular response triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. The cell produces more endoplasmic reticulum and more of the molecular machinery needed to restore proper protein folding and processing |
| Secretory Pathway | series of steps a cell uses to move proteins out of the cell; a process known as secretion. The path of a protein destined for secretion has its origins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, a membrane-bound compartment in the cell. The protein then proceed |
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