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Cell and Molec
Chapter 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Signal Transduction | conversion of an inmpulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another. In cell biology, the process by which a cell responds to an extracellular signal. |
| Hormone Signaling | Whole body communication (glucose uptake) hormones: signal secreted into bloodstream (insulin) Circulate throughout body endocrine cells: cells producing hormones (pancreas) |
| Endocrine | hormone secretion internally |
| Paracrine-Autocrine | cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cell/signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell |
| Neuronal Signaling | Long-distance signaling but targeted (1 m) Intracellular signaling by electrical depolarization (100 m/sec) Extracellular signaling by a neurotransmitter |
| Contact-Dependent Signaling | Signal molecule confined to the signaling cell Interaction with adjacent cell |
| Intracellular Receptor | receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane |
| Cell Surface REceptor | receptors located outside the cell rather than inside |
| Molecular Switches | protein or protein complex that operates in an intracellular signalling pathway and can reversibly switch between an active and inactive state |
| Protein Kinase/Phosphororylase | one of a very large number of enzymes that transfers the terminal phosphate group of Atp to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein/addition of a phosphate group to a side chain of a protein catalyzed by a protein kinase |
| GTP-Binding Protein | an allosteric protein whose conformation and activity are determined by its association with either GTP or GDP. Includes many proteins involved in cell signalling such as Ras and G proteins. |
| Ion Channel-coupled Receptor | transmembrane receptor protein or protein complex that forms a gated ion channel that opens in response to the binding of a ligand to the external face of the channel. |
| G protein coupled-receptor | has membrane g proteins that are activated |
| enzyme-coupled receptor | transmembrane receptor proteins that activate an intracellular enzyme (either a separate enzyme or part of the receptor itself) in response to ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor |
| Golgi Apparatus | Membrane-enclosed organelle in eucaryotic cells where the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and sorted for transport to other sites |
| Exocytosis | process by which most molecules are secreted from a eucaryotic cell. These molecules are packaged in membrane-enclosed vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents to the outside. |
| Endocytosis | uptake of material into a cell by invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bounded vesicle |
| Pinocytosis | type of endocytosis in which soluble materials are taken up from the environment and incorporated into vesicles for digestion |
| Phagocytosis | the process by which particulate material is engulfed by a cell. Prominent in predatory cells, such as Amoba proteus and in cells of the vertebrate immune system such as macrophages |
| Receptor-mediated Endocytosis | mechanism of selective uptake of material by animal cells in which a macromolecule binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane and enters the cell in a clathrin-coated vesicle |
| Lysosomes | intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle containing digestive enzymes, typically those most active at the acid pH found in these organelles |
| Heterotrimeric G Protein | |
| Adenylyl Cyclase-cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase | enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP. An important component of some intracellular signaling pathways. |
| Phospholipase C | enzyme associated with the plasma membrane that performs a crucial steo in inositol phospholipid signaling pathways |
| Calmodulin | small Ca2+ binding protein that modifies the activity of many target enzymes and membrane transport proteins in response to changes in Ca2+ binding protein |
| Calmodulin-dependent Receptor | |
| Signal Cascade | sequence of linked protein reactions, often including phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, that carries information within a cell, often amplifying an initial signal |
| Acclimation | |
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinase RTK | enzyme-coupled receptor in which intracellular domain has a tyrosine kinase activity which is activated by ligand binding to the receptor's extracellular domain |
| Ras Protein | one of a large family of small GTP-binding proteins that help relay signals from cell-surface receptors to nucleus. Names for the Ras gene, first identified in viruses that cause rat sarcomas. |
| Monomeric GTP-binding protein | small single-subunit gtp-binging protein. proteins of this family such as Ras and Rho, are part of many different signaling pathways. |
| MAP (Mitogen-activated protein) kinase signaling model | mitogen-activated protein kinase. Protein kinase that performs a crucial step in relaying signals from cell surface receptors to the nuclus. It is the final kinase in a three kinase sequence called the MAP sequence cascade |
| MAP kinase kinase | |
| MAP kinase kinase kinase | |
| JAK (just another kinase) | |
| STAT (signal transduction and transcription) | |
| cytokine | small protein made and secreted by cells that act on neighboring cells to alter their behavior. Cytokines act via cell-surface cytokine receptors |
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