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Cognitive Exam 2
Chapters 4, 5, 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Magical Number 7 | George Miller 7 plus or minus 2 chunks can be held in short term memory |
| Brown/Peterson & Peterson Technique | Tell them to remember items Give them distracting task Tell them to recall |
| Serial Position Effect | U-shaped shape between a words position in list and recall |
| Recency Effect | Better recall for items at end of list |
| Primacy Effect | Better recall for items at beginning |
| Atkinson & Shiffrin Model | Items in short term memory fragile and lost in 30 seconds - Control processes to improve memory (rehersal) |
| Working Memory Approach | Alan Baddeley Immediate memory multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates info - Phonological Loop, Visiospatial Sketchpad, Central Executive, Episodic Buffer |
| Phonological Loop | Process limited sounds for short time - Acoustic confusions - confuse similar sounds - Frontal and temporal lobe |
| Visiospatial Sketchpad | Processes both visual and spatial information - Scene information, pictures of objects |
| Central Executive | Integrates information from PL, VS, EB, and LTM - Business executive, hard to study - Focus, strategy, planning, coordinating, suppressing |
| Episodic Buffer | Temporary storehouse that holds and combines information from PL, VS, and LTM - Capacity is its only job |
| Memory Strategy | Mental activities to improve encoding and retrieval - Levels of processing, elaboration, rehearsal, distinctiveness, self reference effect, encoding specificity |
| Total Time Hypothesis | Amount learned depends on time devoted |
| Retrieval Practice Effect | Try to recall something, if its difficult but you remembered it, learning is enhanced |
| Distributed Practice Effect | (Spaced Learning) Remember more if spread learning over time - Desirable difficulties are introduced |
| Testing Effect | Taking tests boosts long term recall for academic material |
| Mnemonic Strategies | Mental strategies to improve memory - Mental imagery, keyword method, organization, chunking, hierarchy, first letter technique, narrative technique |
| Retrospective Memory | Remembering information acquired in the past |
| Prospective Memory | Remembering you need to do something in the future - Vivid mental image, distinctive reminders, external memory aids |
| Metacognition | Knowledge and control of cognitive processes |
| Metamemory | Knowledge, monitoring, control of ones memory |
| Calibration | Measures peoples accuracy in estimating their future performance |
| Tip of the Tongue Effect | Knowing target word but cant recall it |
| Feeling of Knowing Effect | Knowing some information but cant recall it |
| Tip of the Finger Effect | Knowing target sign, but temporarily inaccessible |
| Embodied Cognition | Abstract thoughts are often expressed by our motor behavior |
| Metacomprehension | Our thoughts about language perception |
| Working Memory | Short term memory Brief, immediate memory that we're currently processing |
| Long Term Memory | Has large capacity Experiences and information we accumulate throughout our lifetime - Episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, autobiographical memory |
| Episodic Memory | Personal memories, allows us to go back and reminisce |
| Semantic Memory | Organized knowledge of the world; words and factual information |
| Procedural Memory | Knowledge of how to do something |
| Levels of Processing Approach | Deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than sensory and shallow processing - Distinctiveness and elaboration |
| Self Reference Effect | You remember more information if you relate it to yourself |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | Recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context - Recall and recognition tasks |
| Polyanna Principle | Pleasant items and processed more accurately and efficiently than unpleasant |
| Positivity Effect | People rate unpleasant past events more positively over time |
| Mood Congruence | Recall is more accurate if congruent with your current mood |
| Explicit Memory Task | You know youre being tested on your memory - Remember information and retrieve it later |
| Implicit Memory Task | Assesses memory indirectly |
| Repetition Priming Task | Recent word exposure increases the likelihood of thinking the word |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memory before damage - Can make new memories |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Loss of memory after damage |
| Expertise | Memory abilities and performance are exceptional in a particular area - Positive correlation between knowledge and performance |
| Own Race Bias | You're more accurate in identifying your own ethnic group than others |
| Autobiographical Memory | Memory of events and issues related to yourself - Imagery, verbal narrative, ecological validity, accuracy - Some errors but mostly accurate - Memories blend information |
| Schema | "Mental Model" General knowledge/expectations from past experiences |
| Consistency Bias | Exaggerate consistency between past beliefs on your current viewpoint |
| Source Monitoring | Trying to identify origin of memory or belief (Govt.) |
| Reality Monitoring | Whether an event actually happened or not |
| Flashbulb Memory | Memory for first learning of a surprising or emotional event |
| Post Event Misinformation Effect | Given misleading information of an event, you mistakenly recall that instead of what you actually saw |
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laurengoff7
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