Chapters 4, 5, 6
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| Magical Number 7 | George Miller
7 plus or minus 2 chunks can be held in short term memory
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| Brown/Peterson & Peterson Technique | Tell them to remember items
Give them distracting task
Tell them to recall
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| Serial Position Effect | U-shaped shape between a words position in list and recall
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| Recency Effect | Better recall for items at end of list
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| Primacy Effect | Better recall for items at beginning
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| Atkinson & Shiffrin Model | Items in short term memory fragile and lost in 30 seconds
- Control processes to improve memory (rehersal)
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| Working Memory Approach | Alan Baddeley
Immediate memory multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates info
- Phonological Loop, Visiospatial Sketchpad, Central Executive, Episodic Buffer
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| Phonological Loop | Process limited sounds for short time
- Acoustic confusions - confuse similar sounds
- Frontal and temporal lobe
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| Visiospatial Sketchpad | Processes both visual and spatial information
- Scene information, pictures of objects
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| Central Executive | Integrates information from PL, VS, EB, and LTM
- Business executive, hard to study
- Focus, strategy, planning, coordinating, suppressing
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| Episodic Buffer | Temporary storehouse that holds and combines information from PL, VS, and LTM
- Capacity is its only job
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| Memory Strategy | Mental activities to improve encoding and retrieval
- Levels of processing, elaboration, rehearsal, distinctiveness, self reference effect, encoding specificity
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| Total Time Hypothesis | Amount learned depends on time devoted
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| Retrieval Practice Effect | Try to recall something, if its difficult but you remembered it, learning is enhanced
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| Distributed Practice Effect | (Spaced Learning)
Remember more if spread learning over time
- Desirable difficulties are introduced
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| Testing Effect | Taking tests boosts long term recall for academic material
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| Mnemonic Strategies | Mental strategies to improve memory
- Mental imagery, keyword method, organization, chunking, hierarchy, first letter technique, narrative technique
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| Retrospective Memory | Remembering information acquired in the past
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| Prospective Memory | Remembering you need to do something in the future
- Vivid mental image, distinctive reminders, external memory aids
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| Metacognition | Knowledge and control of cognitive processes
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| Metamemory | Knowledge, monitoring, control of ones memory
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| Calibration | Measures peoples accuracy in estimating their future performance
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| Tip of the Tongue Effect | Knowing target word but cant recall it
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| Feeling of Knowing Effect | Knowing some information but cant recall it
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| Tip of the Finger Effect | Knowing target sign, but temporarily inaccessible
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| Embodied Cognition | Abstract thoughts are often expressed by our motor behavior
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| Metacomprehension | Our thoughts about language perception
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| Working Memory | Short term memory
Brief, immediate memory that we're currently processing
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| Long Term Memory | Has large capacity
Experiences and information we accumulate throughout our lifetime
- Episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, autobiographical memory
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| Episodic Memory | Personal memories, allows us to go back and reminisce
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| Semantic Memory | Organized knowledge of the world; words and factual information
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| Procedural Memory | Knowledge of how to do something
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| Levels of Processing Approach | Deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than sensory and shallow processing
- Distinctiveness and elaboration
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| Self Reference Effect | You remember more information if you relate it to yourself
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| Encoding Specificity Principle | Recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context
- Recall and recognition tasks
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| Polyanna Principle | Pleasant items and processed more accurately and efficiently than unpleasant
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| Positivity Effect | People rate unpleasant past events more positively over time
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| Mood Congruence | Recall is more accurate if congruent with your current mood
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| Explicit Memory Task | You know youre being tested on your memory
- Remember information and retrieve it later
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| Implicit Memory Task | Assesses memory indirectly
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| Repetition Priming Task | Recent word exposure increases the likelihood of thinking the word
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| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memory before damage
- Can make new memories
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| Anterograde Amnesia | Loss of memory after damage
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| Expertise | Memory abilities and performance are exceptional in a particular area
- Positive correlation between knowledge and performance
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| Own Race Bias | You're more accurate in identifying your own ethnic group than others
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| Autobiographical Memory | Memory of events and issues related to yourself
- Imagery, verbal narrative, ecological validity, accuracy
- Some errors but mostly accurate
- Memories blend information
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| Schema | "Mental Model"
General knowledge/expectations from past experiences
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| Consistency Bias | Exaggerate consistency between past beliefs on your current viewpoint
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| Source Monitoring | Trying to identify origin of memory or belief (Govt.)
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| Reality Monitoring | Whether an event actually happened or not
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| Flashbulb Memory | Memory for first learning of a surprising or emotional event
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| Post Event Misinformation Effect | Given misleading information of an event, you mistakenly recall that instead of what you actually saw
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