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ECBModule6
SGQuestions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1a. Absorption | The transport of dissolved substances into cells |
| 1b. Digestion | The breakdown of absorbed substances |
| 1c. Respiration | The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy |
| 1d. Excretion | The removal of soluble waste materials |
| 1e. Egestion | The removal of non-soluble waste materials |
| 1f. Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances for use by other cells |
| 1g. Homoeostasis | Maintaining the status quo in a cell |
| 1h. Reproduction | Producing more cells |
| 1i. Cytology | The study of cells |
| 1j. Cell wall | a rigid substance on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
| 1k. Middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| 1l. Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings |
| 1m. Cytoplasm | A jelly-like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| 1n. Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons |
| 1o. Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of the cytoplasm which results in a coordinated movement of the cell's organelles |
| 1p. Mitochondria | The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
| 1q. Lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions which break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids |
| 1r. Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| 1s. Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes which perform several tasks within a cell |
| 1t. Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
| 1u. Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| 1v. Golgi bodies | The organelles in which proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
| 1w. Leucoplasts | Organelles that store starches or oils |
| 1x. Chromoplasts | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis |
| 1y. Central vacuole | A vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution which contains a high concentration of solutes |
| 1z. Waste vacuoles | Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion |
| 1aa. Phagocytosis | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells |
| 1bb. Phagocytic vacuole | A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs |
| 1cc. Pinocytic vesicle | Vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules |
| 1dd. Secretion vesicle | Vesicles that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released |
| 1ee. Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a rope-like structure |
| 1ff. Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus for the cytoplasm |
| 1gg. Chromatin | Clusters of DNA and proteins in the nucleus |
| 1hh. Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty aid molecules has been replaced by a molecule which contains a phosphate group |
| 1ii. Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion |
| 1jj. Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis of diffusion) aided by a chemical process |
| 1kk. Isotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution |
| 1ll. Hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell which resides in the solution |
| 1mm. Plasmolysis | a collapse of the cell's cytoplasm due to lack of water |
| 1nn. Cytolysis | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure |
| 1oo. Hypotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes in less than that of the cell which resides in the solution |
| 1pp. Activation energy | Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going |
| 1qq. Messenger RNA | The RNA that performs transcription |
| 1rr. Transcription | The process in which mRNA produces a negative of a strand of DNA |
| 1ss. Translation | The process by which proteins are formed in the ribosomes according to the negative in mRNA |
| 1tt. Codon | A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that refers to a specific type of amino acid |
| 1uu. Anticodon | A three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA |
| 2. What is the plasma membrane made of? | The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins |
| 3. What is the difference between a phospholipid and a regular lipid? | A phospholipid has two fatty acid molecules and a small molecule with a phosphate group, whereas a normal lipid just has 3 fatty acid molecules. This makes the phospholipid have a hydrophilic end, which the regular lipid does not. |
| 4. What makes it possible for the plasma membrane to self-assemble? | Since the phospholipids have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end, they always know how to reassemble |
| 5. A cell begins running low on food and its energy output decreases by 20%. What kind of plasma membrane transport (active or passive) is affected? | Active transport requires energy from the cell, whereas passive transport does not. Thus, the active transport would slow down. |
| 6. If a cell dies by implosion, what kind of solution (isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic)was it in? | Since it died by implosion, the cell lost water. water is lost by osmosis when the cell is in a solution which has a higher concentration of solutes that the inside of the cell. Thus, the active transport would slow down. |
| 7. What are the three stages of cellular respiration? Which one produces the most energy? | There are three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. Glycolysis results in a gain of 2 ATP's, the Krebs cycle 2, and the electron transport system 32. Thus, the electron transport system produces the most energy. |
| 8. What is ATP's purpose? | ATP supplies a package for the energy produced in cellular respiration. It releases its energy gently, so that the energy does not destroy the cell. |
| 9. If a cell has no oxygen, what stage(s) of cellular respiration can still run? | The only stage that does not require oxygen is glycolysis. |
| 10. A scientist determines a means to extract all ADP from a cell. Why will this kill the cell? | With no ADP, the cell will not be able to make ATP in which to store the energy from cellular respiration. Thus, the cell could make energy, but it could never use the energy. |
| 11. A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine. a.What will the mRNA sequence be? b.How many amino acids will the mRNA code for? | a. cytosine, guanine, uracil, uracil, adenine, cytosine b. It takes 3 nucleotides to code for an amino acid. Since this has 6, it will code for 2 amino acids. |
| 12. Fill in the blanks: a. DNA--______ b.RNA--____ | a. transcription b. translation |
| 13. An RNA strand has an anticodon. Is it tRNA or mRNA? | This is tRNA because only tRNA has anticodons. |
| 14. What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? | They have different functions, but the main difference is that rough ER has ribosomes while smooth ER does not. |
| 15. Is chlorophyll stored in a leucoplast or a chromoplast? | A leucoplast stores starches and oils; a chromoplast stores pigments. Since chlorophyll is a pigment used in photosynthesis, it is stored in a chromoplast |
| 16. How many ATP's does a cell gain in anaerobic respiration? How many does it gain in aerobic respiration? | The cell gains 2 ATPs in anaerobic respiration and 36 ATPs in aerobic respiration. |
| 17. What organelle is responsible for breaking polysaccharides into monosaccharides? | The lysosome perfoms hydrolysis which breaks down large molecules (like polysaccharides) into small molecules (like monosaccharides). |
Created by:
biowolf2013
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