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WFS 209
Exam III
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Population | A group of interacting individuals of the same species, in the same place. |
| Population Dynamics | The study of changes in number of organisms or biomass and the factors that influence those changes |
| Three Rates of Population Dynamics | Natality and recruitment, growth, mortality. |
| Population Structure | Assessed as size, age, or sex ratio of the population. |
| Age Group | Groupings based on the number of years a fish has lived |
| Year Class | Groupings based on the year hatched or born - it does not ever change. |
| Cohort | A group of individuals born or hatched during the same time period, which does not necessarily have to be a year. |
| Juvenile | Animals too young to breed, and distinguishable from adults based on external characteristics. |
| Subadult | Animals too young to breed but externally indistinguishable from an mature individual. |
| Adult | Reproductively mature individual. |
| How to determine age? | Examination of body parts, such as scales, feathers, bones, and reproductive organs. |
| Length Frequency Analysis | Using a random sample, plot the number of individuals caught by length to reveal clusters representing year classes. |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Structural or size differences between sexes. |
| Sexual Dichormatism | Differences in color between sexes. |
| Census | Complete count of all individuals in a population. |
| Survey | A partial count used to estimate a population parameter. |
| Index of Abundance | Value used to describe or compare abundance in lieu of an actual number. |
| Assumptions of Mark and Recapture Techniques | Marks are not lost and do not affect mortality or behavior. All individuals are equally likely to be trapped, and the population is closed. |
| Precision | The 95% confidence interval in the Lincoln-Peterson Method estimation of N. |
| Lincoln-Peterson Method | M/N = R/C or N = [(M)(C)]/R |
| M = ? | Number of marked individuals in a population. |
| N = ? | Total number in the population, often estimated. |
| R = ? | Number of marked individuals recaptured. |
| C = ? | Number of individuals (marked or not) captured in sample two. |
| Mark Retention | A marked animal remains marked. |
| Mark Recognition | A marked animal can be recognized as marked. |
| Marks cannot affect: | Behavior, movement, survivorship, or harvest. |
| PIT Tag | Passive integrated transponder tag |
| Radiotelemetry | Use of electronic devices attached to or inserted into an organism that transmit information about that organism to researchers. |
| Triangulation | Estimation of location by determining direction of an animal from three known locations. Animal is located by determining where the bearings cross. |
| Biotelemetry | Allows the activity of individual organisms to be monitored. |
| Circuli | Scales on a fish which show daily growth rings laid around a focus |
| Annulus | Scales on the outer edge or a group of closely spaced circuli. |
| Management | The art and science of manipulating biota, habitat, or human users to produce some desired result. |
| Removal/Addition | Most common methods of wildlife management. |
| Partial Population Removal | Remove only part of a population or specific individuals from a population. |
| Animal Damage Control | Reduce abundance of a problem species to reduce damage or conflict. |
| Keystone Species | A species that has a disproportionate impact (relative to it's numbers or biomass) on the organization of an ecosystem. |
| Stocking | Introduction of animals acquired from the wild or raised in captivity to create a new population or enhance an existing one. |
| Introductory Stocking | Introduction of a new species or reintroduction of an extirpated one. |
| Exotic | An organism introduced from another zoogeographic region. |
| Maintenance Stocking | Stocking to sustain a population which has no natural reproduction. |
| Supplemental Stocking | Stocking to augment a naturally reproducing population. |
| Stocking Game Species | Allows greater harvest, improves harvest success, and maintains a game species which might not be present otherwise. |
| Costs of Stocking | Expensive, may have negative ecological effects, treats the symptoms rather than the cause. |
| Parameter | A true characteristic of a population. |
| Precision | Repeatability of a measurement. |
| Bias | A systematic error in sampling, measuring, or counting, such that values are consistently either too high or too low. |
| Capture Sampling | Sampling or organism that involves capture and restraint, either with immediate release or lethal collection. |
| Advantages of Capture Techniques | Greater variety of information, marking, access to information that cannot be seen from afar. |
| Disadvantages of Capture Techniques | Stressful on target organism, labor intensive. |
| Passive Capture | Techniques that rely on the activities of the organism rather than active human participation. |
| Active Capture | Techniques that involve the active pursuit of organisms and generally require constant participation by humans. |
| Hydoracoustics | The use of sonar to detect fish underwater. |
| Extinction | The death of the last individual of a species. |
| Extirpation | The local extinction of a population - the species may exist elsewhere. |
| Causes of Extinction | H: habitat destruction I: introduction of exotics P: population growth of humans P: pollution O: over exploitation |
| Utilitarian | Anthropocentric view; nature is valued in terms of benefit to humans. |
| Biocentric | Species have intrinsic value apart from their usefulness to humans. |
| State's Rights Doctrine | Historically individual states control wild populations within their borders. |
| Lacey Act | Passed in 1900, the federal government becomes involved in wildlife legislation and regulates the interstate or international shipment of illegally killed animals. |
| Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 | Gave the federal government legal jurisdiction over migratory birds, made it illegal to harvest them, and coordinated with the US and Canada. |
| Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 | Removed state authority to manage marine mammal harvests, and made the harvest of most species illegal. |
| Endangered Species Act of 1973 | Provides for the listing of endangered and threatened species, and protection for these species and their habitats. |
| Endangered Species | Any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of it's range. |
| Threatened Species | Any species which is likely to become endangered soon. |
| NOAA Fisheries | Authorized to list marine mammals and most marine and anadromous fish. |
| US Fish and Wildlife Service | Has jurisdiction over all other organisms. |
| Critical Habitat | A geographic area or ecosystem essential for the survival or a listed species. |
| "Take" | Harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect, etc. |
| Section 7 | Portion of the ESA which requires all federal agencies to conserve listed species on their land. |
| Recovery | The process by which the decline of a species is reversed and the threats reduced so that survival in the wild can be ensured. |
| CITES | "Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora": objective is to ensure that international trade will not cause the extinction of any plant or animal species. --allows some non-commercial trade, such as zoos |
| Problems With CITES | No inherent enforcement power, though nations that jeopardize the convention are subject to economic sanctions. |
| Retrices | Tail feathers which are the mark of male wild turkeys. |
Created by:
CarrieMP
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