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BIO1020 Exam III
Chapter 9, 12, 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Energy | Stored in organic molecules utilized to regenerate ATP that drives cellular work |
| Fermentation | Partial degradation of sugar without the presence of oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | Consumes organic molecules and oxygen to yield ATP |
| Cellular Respiration | Generally refers to aerobic respiration, C6H12O6 + 602-> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (ATP + heat) |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons, transfer of electrons released energy that makes ATP, glucose is oxidized in cellular respiration |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons, transfer of electrons releases energy that makes ATP, oxygen is reduced in cellular respiration |
| NAD+ | Coenzyme, reduced in cellular respiration to make ATP in ETC |
| Glycolysis | Breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, every living cell performs, 2 ATP produced in energy payoff period, 2 NADH produced, substrate-level phosphorylation, requires 2 ATP, occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle | 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH produced in total (2 turns), each step catalyzed by a different enzyme, takes place in mitochondria matrix, substrate-levle phosphorylation |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation / Electron Transport Chain | makes the most ATP, takes place in the cristae of mitochondria, as electrons drop through the chain O2 is reduced to H2O, H+ ions pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into membrane space, 32-34 ATP produced |
| ATP Synthase | Channels allowing H+ ions back across the membrane to create ATP after establishing an electrochemical gradient, takes 3 H+ ions to make 1 ATP |
| Chemiosmosis | Movement of H+ ions to drive cellular work |
| Proton-Motive Force | Refers to H+ gradient |
| Cell Division | Basis of the continuity of life, controlled by enzymes within somatic (body) cells, unicellular reproduction method, multicellular organisms develop from a fertilized cell, grow/differentiate, and use to repair, method prevents mixing of DNA |
| Cell Cycle | Cell division is an integral part, required control |
| Genome | All the DNA in a cell, DNA is the same in every cell within a multicellular organism |
| Chromosomes | Packaged DNA molecules |
| Somatic Cells | Contain two sets of chromosomes (male + female) |
| Gametes | Have half as many chromosomes |
| Chromatin | Non-condensed chromosomes in a resting cell |
| Sister Chromatids | Chromosomes that separate in division, after DNA replication |
| Centromere | Location of where the chromatids are most closely attached, becomes kinetic ore, no genes there for RNA |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm |
| Meiosis | Gamete production |
| Go Phase | Never replicate until enticed to do so (stem cells that adults carry) |
| Lipid Rafts | Take parts of the nuclear membrane for disassembly and reassembly, no proteins made during division |
| Mitotic Spindle | Apparatus of microtubules controlling chromosome movement |
| Tubulin Dimers | Proteins making up microtubules, groups of 2 that polymerase and de-polymerase |
| Centrosome | Organize microtubules, begins spindle formation |
| Cleavage / Cleavage Furrow | Process allowing for cytokinesis by using contractile ring motor proteins |
| Coalesce | Nuclear membrane pieces come back together |
| Checkpoints | Cycle stops until given a signal to continue, regulated by enzymes that are regulated by hormones, driven by chemical signals (i.e. CdK's), G1 go signal leads to completion of S and G2 phases |
| Growth Factors | Proteins released by certain cells stimulating division (glandular cells produce hormone growth factors, causes cells to leave Go phase |
| ATP | releases free energy when phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed, drives endergonic reactions of the cell |
| Substrate-level Phosphorylation | formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | production of ATP by energy transfer from redox reaction of the electron transport chain |
| FADH | Coenzyme, reduced in cellular respiration to make ATP in ETC |
| Pyruvate | Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and releases 2 NADH before entering cycle, |
| G1 | during interphase, growth stage |
| G2 | during interphase, second growth stage proceeding DNA synthesis |
| M | mitosis, division of nucleus |
| S | DNA is duplicated, during interphase |
| Interphase | period where cell us not dividing, 90% of the cell cycle |
| Prophase | first stage of mitosis, chromatin condenses to chromosomes, mitotic spindle begin formation |
| Metaphase | third stage of mitosis, the spindle is complete, micotubules connect to chromosomes through kineticores, and chromosomes are aligned on the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | fourth stage of mitosis, chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell |
| Telophase | the fifth stage of mitosis, daughter nuclei have formed, cytokinesis has begun |
| Allele | alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic characteristics |
| Autosome | chromosome that does not determine sex |
| Tetrads | four synapsed chromatids seen during meiosis prophase, chromosomal pairing |
| Chiasmata | x shaped region where crossing over has occurred in prophase I with homologous chromosomes |
| Meiosis I | first division, results in cell with half as many chromosomes as original, separates homologous pairs |
| Meiosis II | second division, results in cell with half as many chromosomes as original, separates chromatids |
Created by:
MichaelaMH
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