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Mus/skeletal Disease
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| disruption of bone | fracture |
| 3 causes of fracture | sudden injury, fatigue/stress, pathological |
| ____, _____, and ______ help classify what type of fracture has occured | location, type, and direction |
| long bone fractures are described in relation to position on the bone ____, ____, and _____ | proximal (toward center of body point of attachment), midshaft (mid bone), distal (away from body attachment point) |
| partial break (fracture) | greenstick |
| fracture broken in more than 2 pieces | comminuted |
| fracture in which 2 vertebra are crushed together | compression |
| fracture in which fragments are wedged together | impacted |
| fracture is returned to its usual position | reduction |
| fracture that occurs straight across | transverse |
| fracture that results from twisting | spinal |
| fracture that occured at an angle | oblique |
| crepitus | crackling sound |
| angulation | anabnormal curve or bend in the bonegulation |
| hypovolemia | < in volume of circulating blood |
| flaccidity | lacking normal firmness; not firm or stiff |
| osteoblasts multiply begninning at the distal end | cellular proliferation |
| fx site becomes stickly leading to calcification | callus formation |
| bone replaces callus; immoble; safe to remove case | ossification |
| absorption of excess callus | remodeling |
| what is the fracture healing time for children? adolescents? adults? | 6-8 weeks; 6-8 weeks, 10-18 weeks |
| healing with deformity, angulation, or rotation; caused by inadequate reduction or alignment | malunion |
| failure to heal in the appropriate time | delayed union |
| failure to heal and cessation of bone repair | nonunion |
| what are 4 complications of fractures? | fx blisters, compartment syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and fat embolism |
| epidermal necrosis; more severe in twisting injuries | Fx blisters |
| > pressure in the fascia surrounding the muscles and nerves; can occur from the swelling or castinf | compartment syndrome |
| pain out of proportion to injury and ANS dysfunction | reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
| fat droplets in the blood; results from fractures especially long bones; released from the bone marrow or adipose | fat embolism |
| diaphoresis | profuse perspiration artifically induced |
| death of bone r/t interruption in blood supply | osteonecrosis |
| osteonecrosis is common with ___, ____, ____, and ____ | Legg-Calve Perthes Disease, sickle cell, steriod therapy, hip surgery |
| s/s is the presence of Ca and free fatty acids in the blood stream | osteonecrosis |
| lateral deivation of the spinal column | scoliosis |
| two types of scoliosis | congential and neuromuscular |
| disturbance of vertebral embryonic development; severe curvature probably has other neuro deformities | congenital scoliosis |
| developd from neuropathic or myopathic diseases; C curved shape | neuromuscular scoliosis |
| bone disease involving the imbalance in bone loss and bone replacement | metabolic bone diseases |
| what are the 3 major factors of that effect bone remodeling? | mechanical stress stimulates osteoblast....extracellular Ca and Ph.....hormones, local factors, and cytokines |
| common; reduction in bone mass > than expected for age, gender, and race | osteopenia |
| what are 5 metabolic bone disease? | osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, paget disease |
| occurs b/c of a < in bone formation, inadequate bone mineralization, or excessive bone deossification | osteopenia |
| loss of bone mass and deterioration of the cancellous cone with an > in bone fragility and r/f fractures | osteoporosis |
| > cytokines and > osteoclasts is a conrtibuting factor for ___ | osteoporosis |
| amenorrha | abnormal absence or suppression of menstration |
| kyphosis | outward curve of thoracic region of spine, rounded upper back |
| inadequate bone mineralization of bone as a result of Ca and Ph def, or both | osteomalacia |
| adult rickets | osteomalacia |
| insufficient Ca absorption from the intestine d/t lack of Ca or px with Vit D; Ph def caused by > renal losses ot < intestinal absorption | osteomalacia |
| inability to activate vit D and excrete Ph in renal pts with accompanying hyperthyroidism, > bone tunrover, and > Ph losses | Renal Rickets (osteomalacia) |
| results from renal tubular defects that cause excessive Ph losses; X LINKED | Vit D resistant rickets (osteomalacia) |
| s/s include heart shaped pelvis, bowing of tibia and femors | osteomalacia |
| vit D def, inadequate Ca absorption and imparied mineralization of bone in children | Rickets |
| causes are inadequate exposure to sunlight and prolonged breast feeding without vit D supplements; may also be caused by genetic mutations | rickets |
| s/s are a protruding abdomen, lethargy, enlarged ends of bnones, bowlegs or knocknees, enlarged skull, delayed closure of fontanel(soft spot) | rickets |
| slowly progressive skeletal disorder that involves excessive bone destruction and repair; changes in long bone, spine, pelvis, and cranium | paget disease |
| bone > in size and thickness b/c of accelerated bone reabsorption followed by abnormal regeneration; sclerotic and osteoblastic lesions; bone appears like pumice | paget disease |
| s/s are often asymptomatic depending on area, but skull area= tinnitus, vertigo, hearing loss, bowlegscoxa vera, wadding gait | paget disease |
| acute or chronic pyogenic infection of the bone | osteomyelitis |
| what is osteomyelitis caused by? | S. aureus |
| how is chronic osteomyelitis characterized? | presence of necrotic bone without osteocytes |
| 3 different types of osteomyelitis | direct contamination, blood invasion, chronic |
| what are the 3 major s/s of neoplasms? | pain, presence of mass, and impairment of function |
| limited to the confines of the bone, well-demarcated edges, and surrounded by thin rim of sclerotic bone | benign neoplasm |
| small bony tumor found on the surface of long bones, flat bones, or skull; may be excised ot left | osteoma; benign |
| composed of hyaline cartliage; forms of the surface of a bone or the medullary cavitiy | chondroma |
| most common benign neoplasm | osteochondroma |
| grows during periods of skeletal growth; originates in teh epiphyseal cartilage plate and grows out like a mushroom | osteochondroma |
| aggressive tumor of mulitnucleated cells that oftern appear like a malignant tumor | giant cell tumor/osteoclastoma |
| ill defined, lack of sharp borders, and extended beyond the bone; destuction of the cortex; highest instance in adolescents | malignant neoplasm |
| mostly seen in periods of max growth; individulas are usually tall; tumor of the MESENCHYMAL cells; produce thin, purposeless bone fragments; aggressive, unknown cause | osteosarcoma |
| arises from immature bone marrow cells; causes bone destruction from within | Ewing's sarcoma |
| tumor of the cartilage; arises from points of muscle attachments; can arise from bengin bone lesions; slow growing; metastasizes late; destroys bone and extends to the tissue | chondrosarcoma |
| cancer outside of the bone commonly metastasize to the boned | malignant bone disease |
| results from direct trauma; usually caused by a body part being struck by a hard object; skin remains intact | contusion |
| large area of local hemorrhage; can split skin and have a drainage | hematoma |
| stretching a muscle of joint by overloading; may result from an awkward muscle movement or excess force | strain (lower back is common) |
| stretching or tearing of a ligament | sprain (most common ankle) |
| loss of articulation of the bone and the jt; commonly seen in the shoulder and clavicle | dislocation |
| particle dislocation in which the bone ends are in partial contact with the joint | subluxation |
| recurrent inflammation or tendonitis of the rotator cuff | shoulder impingement syndrome |
| self-limiting calcification of the rotator cuff | calcific tendonitis |
| menisci provide shock absorption, stabilization, bearing weight | meniscus injuries |
| weak ligament that is often injuries with a lateral blow | ACL- rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament |
Created by:
TayBay15
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