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Topics 2.2, 2.3, 2.5
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Cell Division
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytoplasm | Fluid inside of cell called cytosol. Mostly made up of water. Found in plants and animals and prokaryotic cells |
| Plasma Membrane | Protects the cell from its surroundings. Allows certain materials to enter and leave the cells. Made of mostly lipids and proteins. Found in plants and animals and prokaryotic cells |
| Golgi Apparatus | Receives molecules (cis side), modifies (changes) them, packages them, and ships them (trans side) to different parts of the cell. Found in plants and animals |
| Nucleolus | Inside the nucleus and makes subunits of ribosomes. Found in plants and animals |
| Ribosomes | Make proteins. Found in both plants and animals and prokaryotic cells |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Has ribosomes on the surface. Makes and transports proteins. Found in both plants and animals |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth surface without ribosomes. Makes lipids and hormones and ships them. Found in both plants and animals |
| Vacuoles | Stores water and other materials (for glucose storage: glycogen in animals and starch in plants) Plants have a larger vacuole than animals |
| Mitochondria | Produce energy for the cell. Energy produced is called ATP Found in both plants and animals |
| Centrioles | Help with cell division (mitosis). Found only in animals |
| Nuclear Membrane | Controls what enters and exits the nucleus. Protects nucleus. Found in both plants and animals. |
| Lysosomes | Contain enzymes that break down old parts of the cell and recycle them. Found mostly in animals has been found in few plants |
| Chloroplasts | They produce sugar (glucose) through photosynthesis. Found only in plants |
| Cell Wall | Protect the cell. Give the cell shape Found only in plant and prokaryotic cells |
| Cell Cycle | Order of events that occurs for cellular division (G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis). The outcome is two cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell (eukaryotic cells only) |
| Growth 1 Phase (G1) | Cell grows bigger, produces more proteins and organelles |
| Synthesis Phase (S) | DNA replicates (copies itself). It duplicates all 46 chromosomes. |
| Growth 2 Phase (G2) | Cell grows even bigger, produces more proteins and organelles |
| Mitosis | Phase of the cell cycle that involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. These are the phases that involve cell splitting |
| Interphase | Longest part of the cell cycle and involves Growth 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Growth 2 (G2) |
| Prophase | First and longest phase of mitosis. DNA coils and condenses, centrioles move to cell poles, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelop breaks down |
| Metaphase | Second phase of mitosis. All 46 (duplicated) chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (on the metaphase plate)and spindle fibers attach to the center of each chromosome |
| Anaphase | This is the third phase of mitosis. The spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes apart toward opposite poles (each side gets 46 unduplicated chromosome) |
| Telophase | This is the fourth and final phase of mitosis. It begins when the chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the cell. Nuclear envelope starts to form around each set of the chromosomes. Chromosomes uncoil and the spindle fibers disappear. |
| Cytokinesis | This is the last step of the cell cycle. Division of the cytoplasm and results in two genetically identical cells. Animals pinch off cell membrane and plants form cell plate during this process. |
| Cancer | This occurs when there is uncontrolled cell division. This means a cell have a problem with mitosis and divides uncontrollably. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Pro (before)karyon (“kernal”, referring to the nucleus. Much smaller than eukaryotic cells Most less than 1 micrometer (µm) in diameter Thought to have appeared first on Earth Bacteria are prokaryotic cells |
| Eukaryotic Cells | These type of cells contain membrane bound organelles (contains a true nucleus). They are larger and make up plants and animals. |
| Differences between plant and animal cells? | Plant cells contain: Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole, no centrioles, no lysosomes Animal cells contain: centrioles, lysosomes, smaller vacuoles, no cell wall |
Created by:
kelly.norris
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