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Bio101 Exam# 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion. | absorption |
| An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. | adaptation |
| Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill new or vacant ecological roles in their communities. | adaptive radiation |
| A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis. | alga |
| The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. | allopatric speciation |
| A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae. | alternation of generations |
| Member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo. Include mammals and birds and other reptiles. | amniote |
| A shelled egg in which an embryo develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk; produced by reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals, it enables them to complete their life cycles on dry land. | amniotic egg |
| Protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia. | amoeba |
| An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most animals; depending on the species, may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types. | amoebocyte |
| A member of a clade of protists that includes amoebas and slime molds and is characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia. | amoebozoan |
| Member of the tetrapod class Amphibia. Include frogs, toads, and salamanders. | amphibian |
| The similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait. | analogy |
| A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. | angiosperm |
| A segmented worm. Include earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches. | annelid |
| Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. | anterior |
| A sac in which pollen grains develop, located at the tip of a flower's stamen. | anther |
| A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans) and monkeys. | anthropoid |
| A meristem at the tip of a plant root or in the terminal or axillary bud of a shoot. | apical meristem |
| A member of a major arthropod group (chelicerates) that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. | arachnid |
| One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria. | Archaea |
| A member of the most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom. Include the horseshoe crab, arachnids, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, and insects. They are characterized by a exoskeleton, molting, and jointed appendages. | arthropod |
| The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits. | artificial selection |
| The first hominids; scavenger-gatherer-hunters who lived on African savannas between about 4.4 million years ago and 1.5 million years ago. | Australopithecines |
| An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria. | autotroph |
| A rod-shaped prokaryotic cell. | bacillus |
| One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Archaea. | bacteria |
| Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population. | balancing selection |
| An arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it. It has a mirror-image right and left sides. | bilateral symmetry |
| Member of the clade of animals Bilateria exhibiting bilateral symmetry. | bilaterian |
| A two-part, Latinized name of a species; for example, Homo sapiens. | binomial |
| A surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. | biofilm |
| The study of past and present distribution of organisms. | biogeography |
| Definition of a species as a population or groups of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such populations. | biological species concept |
| The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. | bioremediation |
| A member of a group of molluscs that includes clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters. | bivalve |
| An embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage during animal development; a hollow ball of cells in many species. | blastula |
| A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall. | body cavity |
| Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size; typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population | bottleneck effect |
| One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists belonging to the stramenopile clade; the most common and largest type of seaweed. | brown algae |
| One of a group of plants that lack xylem and phloem; a nonvascular plant. Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. | bryophyte |
| The female part of a flower, consisting of a stalk with an ovary at the base and a stigma, which traps pollen, at the tip. | carpel |
| A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoan clade. | cellular slime mold |
| A carnivorous terrestrial arthropod that has one pair of long legs for each of its numerous body segments, with the front pair modified as poison claws. | centipede |
| A member of a group of molluscs that includes squids and octopuses. | cephalopod |
| An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals. Can make its own organic compounds from CO2 without using light energy. | chemoautotroph |
| A group of bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells. Includes human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis, a common sexually transmitted disease. | chlamydia |
| Member of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays. | chondrichthyan |
| Member of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Chordates include lancelets, tunicates, and vertebrates. | chordate |
| Member of a group of fungi that are mostly aquatic and have flagellated spores. They probably represent the most primitive fungal lineage. | chytrid |
| A type of protist that moves and feeds by means of cilia. Belong to the alveol clade. | ciliate |
| A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | clade |
| An approach to systematics in which common descent is the primary criterion used to classify organisms by placing them into groups called clades. | cladistics |
| In classification, the taxonomic category above order. | class |
| Member of a group of fungi characterized by club-shaped, spore-producing structures called basidia. | club fungus |
| A spherical prokaryotic cell. | coccus |
| Adaptive change resulting in nonhomologous (analogous) similarities among organisms. Species from different evolutionary lineages come to resemble each as a result of living in very similar environments. | convergent evolution |
| A chordate with a head. | craniate |
| Photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. | cyanobacteria |
| A unicellular, autotrophic protist that belongs to the stramenopile clade. Possess a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica. | diatom |
| A member of a group of protists belonging to the alveolate clade. Are common components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton. | dinoflagellate |
| Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and reproduce more successfully than do other individuals. | directional selection |
| Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range are favored over intermediate phenotypes. | disruptive selection |
| A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. | domain |
| A definition of species in terms of ecological roles (niches). | ecological species concept |
| An animal that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings. | ectotherm |
| Referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature. See also ectotherm. | ectothermic |
| Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos. | embryophyte |
| A thick-coated, protective cell produced within a bacterial cell; they become dormant and are able to survive harsh environmental conditions. | endospore |
| An animal that derives most of its body heat from its own metabolism. | endotherm |
| Referring to animals that use heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature. | endothermic |
| A poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. | endotoxin |
| Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta. | eutherian |
| The research field that combines evolutionary biology with developmental biology. | evo-devo |
| Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present-day ones; also the genetic changes in a population over generations. | evolution |
| A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. | evolutionary tree |
| A poisonous protein secreted by certain bacteria. | exotoxin |
| The irrevocable loss of a species. | extinction |
| A microorganism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea. | extreme halophile |
| A microorganism that thrives in a hot environment (often 60-80°C). | extreme thermophile |
| In classification, the taxonomic category above genus. | family |
| A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has porous shells composed of calcium carbonate. | foraminiferan (foram) |
| A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past. | fossil |
| An energy-containing deposit of organic material formed from the remains of ancient organisms. | fossil fuel |
| The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata. | fossil record |
| Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the composition of the new population's gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population. | founder effect |
| A decline in the reproductive success of individuals that have a phenotype that has become too common in a population. | frequency-dependent selection |
| A ripened, thickened ovary of a flower, which protects developing seeds and aids in their dispersal. | fruit |
| A heterotrophic eukaryote that digests its food externally and absorbs the resulting small nutrient molecules. Most consist of a netlike mass of filaments called hyphae; molds, mushrooms, and yeasts are examples. | fungus |
| A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant. | gametangium |
| The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation. | gametophyte |
| The transfer of alleles from one population to another, as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes. | gene flow |
| All the alleles for all the genes in a population. | gene pool |
| A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance; effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations. | genetic drift |
| In classification, the taxonomic category above species; the first part of a species' binomial; for example, Homo. | genus |
| A time scale established by geologists that divides Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons— Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic— and further subdivided into eras, periods, and epochs. | geologic record |
| Member of a group of fungi characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscules. | glomeromycete |
| Microbiology technique to identify the cell wall composition of bacteria. Results categorize bacteria as positive or negative. | Gram stain |
| Diverse group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than that of gram-negative bacteria. This is usually less toxic than negative bacteria. | gram-positive |
| A member of a group of photosynthetic protists that includes chlorophytes and charophyceans, the closest living relatives of land plants. Includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species. | green alga |
| A naked-seed plant. Its seed is said to be naked because it is not enclosed in an ovary. | gymnosperm |
| The principle that the shuffling of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction by itself cannot change the overall genetic makeup of a population. | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
| A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different nuclei in the same cell. | heterokaryotic |
| An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain. | heterotroph |
| Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. | heterozygote advantage |
| A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, includingHomo sapiens and our ancestors. | hominid |
| Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. | homologous structures |
| Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry. | homology |
| The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps, fusions of different organisms. | horizontal gene transfer |
| A geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring. | hybrid zone |
| One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus. | hypha |
| A fungus with no known sexual stage. | imperfect fungus |
| In a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed. | ingroup |
| In classification, the broad taxonomic category above phylum. | kingdom |
| A row of sensory organs along each side of a fish's body. Sensitive to changes in water pressure, it enables a fish to detect minor vibrations in the water. | lateral line system |
| A close association between a fungus and an alga or between a fungus and a cyanobacterium, some of which are known to be beneficial to both partners. | lichen |
| A chemical that hardens the cell walls of plants. | lignin |
| A bony fish with strong, muscular fins supported by bones. | lobe-fin |
| Member of the class Mammalia, amniotes that possess mammary glands and hair. | mammal |
| A pouched mammal, such as a kangaroo, opossum, or koala. They give birth to embryonic offspring that complete development while housed in a pouch and attached to nipples on the mother's abdomen. | marsupial |
| The transformation of a larva into an adult. | metamorphosis |
| A type of Archaea that produces methane as a metabolic waste product. | methanogen |
| A change in a population's gene pool over generations. | microevolution |
| Major evolutionary transition from one type of organism to another occurring at the level of the species and higher taxa. | macroevolution |
| A terrestrial arthropod that has two pairs of short legs for each of its numerous body segments and that eats decaying plant matter. | millipede |
| A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores. | mold |
| Evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates. | molecular clock |
| A scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer evolutionary relationships. | molecular systematics |
| A soft-bodied animal characterized by a muscular foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula; includes gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), and cephalopods (squids and octopuses). | molluscs |
| The process of shedding an old exoskeleton or cuticle and secreting a new, larger one. | molting |
| Pertaining to a taxon derived from a single ancestral species that gave rise to no species in any other taxa. | monophyletic |
| An egg-laying mammal, such as the duck-billed platypus. | monotreme |
| A definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria. | morphological species concept |
| A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA; mutation also can occur in the DNA or RNA of a virus; the ultimate source of genetic diversity. | mutation |
| The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus. | mycelium |
| A close association of plant roots and fungi that is beneficial to both partners. | mycorrhizae |
| A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics. | natural selection |
| A roundworm, characterized by a pseudocoelom, a cylindrical, wormlike body form, and a tough cuticle. | nematode |
| A flexible, cartilage-like, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos in many species. | notochord |
| A circulatory system in which blood is pumped through open-ended vessels and bathes the tissues and organs directly. In an animal with an open circulatory system, blood and interstitial fluid are one and the same. | open circulatory system |
| A protective flap on each side of a fish's head that covers a chamber housing the gills. | operculum |
| An arrangement of the fingers such that the thumb can touch the ventral surface of the fingertips of all four fingers. | opposable thumb |
| In classification, the taxonomic category above family | order |
| In a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, a taxon or group of taxa known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. | outgroup |
| In animals, the female gonad, which produces egg cells and reproductive hormones. In flowering plants, the basal portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. | ovary |
| The retention in an adult of juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors. | paedomorphosis |
| The supercontinent consisting of all the major landmasses of Earth fused together. Continental drift formed Pangaea near the end of the Paleozoic era. | pangaea |
| Organism that derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction. | parasite |
| In scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon. | parsimony |
| An agent such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease. | pathogen |
| A polymer of complex sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; a material unique to bacterial cell walls. | peptidoglycan |
| A modified leaf of a flowering plant. They are often the colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to pollinators. | petal |
| A gill structure in the pharynx; found in chordate embryos and some adult chordates. | pharyngeal gill slits |
| The portion of a plant's vascular tissue system that conveys sap throughout a plant. Its tissue is made up of sieve-tube members. | phloem |
| An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis. | photoautotroph |
| An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources. | photoheterotroph |
| In classification, the taxonomic category above class | phyla |
| A definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor and forms one branch on the tree of life. | phylogenetic species concept |
| A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. | phylogenetic tree |
| The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. | phylogeny |
| A short projection on the surface of a prokaryotic cell that helps the prokaryote attach to other surfaces. Specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold the mating cells together. | pilus |
| In most mammals, the organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of its metabolic wastes; formed of the embryo's chorion and the mother's endometrial blood vessels. | placenta |
| Mammal whose young complete their embryonic development in the uterus, nourished via the mother's blood vessels in the placenta; also called a eutherian. | placental mammal |
| A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle. | plasmodial slime mold |
| A single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei. The amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a slime mold. | plasmodium |
| The structure that will produce the sperm in seed plants; the male gametophyte. | pollen grains |
| In seed plants, the delivery, by wind or animals, of pollen from the male parts of a plant to the stigma of a carpel on the female. | pollination |
| A member of the largest group of annelids. | polychaetes |
| One of two types of cnidarian body forms; a columnar, hydra-like body. | polyp |
| An organism that has more than two complete sets of chromosomes as a result of an accident of cell division. | polyploidy |
| A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area. | population |
| A tail posterior to the anus; found in chordate embryos and most adult chordates. | post-anal tail |
| Pertaining to the rear, or tail, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. | posterior |
| A reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults. Includes reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown. | postzygotic barrier |
| A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if mating between two species is attempted. Includes temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation. | prezygotic barrier |
| A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. | proteobacteria |
| A member of the Kingdom Protista. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular. | protist |
| An animal with a coelom that develops from solid masses of cells that arise between the digestive tube and the body wall of the embryo. Include the molluscs, annelids, and arthropods. | protostome |
| A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, "animal-like" protist. | protozoan |
| A body cavity that is in direct contact with the wall of the digestive tract. | pseudocoelom |
| A temporary extension of an amoeboid cell. Function in moving cells and engulfing food. | pseudopodium |
| In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change. | punctuated equilibrium |
| An arrangement of the body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis. Any slice passing longitudinally through an organism's central axis divides it into mirror-image halves. | radial symmetry |
| A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has a mineralized support structure composed of silica. | radiolarian |
| A method for determining the absolute ages of fossils and rocks, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes. | radiometric dating |
| A toothed, rasping organ used to scrape up or shred food; found in many molluscs. | radula |
| A bony fish having fins supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays. | ray-finned fish |
| A member of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which includes the reef-building coralline algae. | red alga |
| The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids. | reproductive isolation |
| Member of the clade of amniotes that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds, along with a number of extinct groups such as dinosaurs. | reptile |
| An enzyme-like RNA molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions. | ribozyme |
| Member of a group of fungi characterized by saclike structures called asci that produce spores in sexual reproduction. | sac fungus |
| A process by which protist diversity is hypothesized to have evolved from a symbiotic association that arose when an autotrophic eukaryotic protist was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist. | secondary endosymbiosis |
| A plant embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering. | seed |
| A tough outer covering that is formed from the outer coat (integuments) of an ovule. In a flowering plant, this encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm. | seed coat |
| The informal collective name for lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives) and pterophytes (ferns and their relatives). | seedless vascular plants |
| Subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segments. | segmentation |
| A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens. | sepal |
| An organism that is anchored to its substrate. | sessile |
| Marked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females. | sexual dimorphism |
| A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade. | shared ancestral character |
| An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade. | shared derived character |
| The evolution of a new species. | speciation |
| A member of a group of helical bacteria that spiral through the environment by means of rotating, internal filaments. | spirochete |
| An aquatic animal characterized by a highly porous body. | sponge |
| A structure in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop. | sporangium |
| In plants and algae, a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellular individual without fusing with another cell. | spore |
| In prokaryotes, protists, and fungi, any of a variety of thick-walled life cycle stages capable of surviving unfavorable environmental conditions. | spore |
| The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation. | sporophyte |
| Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes. | stabilizing selection |
| A pollen-producing male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of a filament and an anther. | stamen |
| Rock layers formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them. | stratum |
| Layered rocks that result from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together. | stromatolite |
| An aquatic animal that sifts small food particles from the water. | suspension feeder |
| A gas-filled internal sac that helps bony fishes maintain buoyancy. | swim bladder |
| A close association between organisms of two or more species. | symbiosis |
| The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area. | sympatric speciation |
| A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. | systematics |
| A parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract. | tapeworms |
| A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification. | taxon |
| The branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species. | taxonomy |
| A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs. Tetrapods include mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles. | tetrapod |
| A system of taxonomic classification based on three basic groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. | three-domain system |
| One of a group of invertebrate chordates. | tunicate |
| A plant with xylem and phloem, including club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, vascular tissue Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. | vascular plant |
| A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout the plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients, respectively. | vascular tissue system |
| Pertaining to the underside, or bottom, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. | ventral |
| One of a series of segmented skeletal units that enclose the nerve cord, making up the backbone of an animal. | vertebra |
| backbone; composed of a series of segmented units called vertebrae. | vertebral column |
| A chordate animal with a backbone. Vertebrates include lampreys, chondricthyans, ray-finned fishes, lobe-fin fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals. | vertebrate |
| A structure of marginal or no importance to an organism. Vestigial organs are historical remnants of structures that had important function in ancestors. | vestigial organ |
| One of the three main parts of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs. | visceral mass |
| A fungus-like protist in the stramenopile clade. | water mold |
| In echinoderms, a radially arranged system of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet. The system provides movement and circulates water, facilitating gas exchange and waste disposal. | water vascular system |
| The nonliving portion of a plant's vascular system that provides support and conveys sap from the roots to the rest of the plant. | xylem |
| A single-celled fungus that inhabits liquid or moist habitats and reproduces asexually by simple cell division or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. | yeast |
| Member of a group of fungi characterized by a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction. | zygomycete |
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