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Cell Vocabulary

Cell organelles and cell cycle

Term Definition
Cytoplasm Fluid inside of cell called cytosol. Mostly made up of water. Found in plants and animals
Plasma Membrane Protects the cell from its surroundings. Allows certain materials to enter and leave the cells. Found in plants and animals
Golgi Apparatus Receives molecules, modifies (changes) them, packages them, and ships them to different parts of the cell Found in plants and animals
Nucleolus Inside the nucleus and makes subunits of ribosomes Found in plants and animals
Ribosomes Make proteins Found in both plants and animals
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Has ribosomes on the surface. Makes and transports proteins. Found in both plants and animals
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth surface without the ribosomes Makes lipids and hormones and ships them. Found in both plants and animals
Vacuoles Stores water and other materials Plants have a larger vacuole than animals
Mitochondria Produce energy for the cell Energy produced is called ATP Found in both plants and animals
Centrioles Help with cell division Found only in animals
Nuclear Membrane Controls what enters and exits the nucleus Found in both plants and animals
Lysosomes Contain enzymes that break down old parts of the cell and recycle them. Found mostly in animals has been found in few plants
Chloroplasts They produce sugar (glucose) through photosynthesis Found only in plants
Cell Wall Protect the cell Give the cell shape Found only in plants
Cell Cycle Order of events that occurs for cellular division (G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis). The outcome is two cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell
Growth 1 Phase (G1) Cell grows bigger, produces more proteins and organelles
Synthesis Phase (S) DNA replicates (copies itself). It duplicates all 46 chromosomes.
Growth 2 Phase (G2) Cells grows even bigger, produces more proteins and organelles
Mitosis Phase of the cell cycle that involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. These are the phases that involve cell splitting.
Interphase Longest part of the cell cycle and involves Growth 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Growth 2 (G2)
Prophase First and longest phase of mitosis. DNA coils and condenses, centrioles move to cell poles, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelop breaks down
Metaphase Second phase of mitosis. All 46 (duplicated) chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (on the metaphase plate)and spindle fibers attach to the center of each chromosome
Anaphase This is the third phase of mitosis. The spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes apart toward opposite poles (each side gets 46 unduplicated chromosome)
Telophase This is the fourth and final phase of mitosis. It begins when the chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the cell. Nuclear envelope starts to form around each set of the chromosomes. Chromosomes uncoil and the spindle fibers disappear.
Cytokinesis This is the last step of the cell cycle. Division of the cytoplasm and results in two genetically identical cells.
Cancer This occurs when there is uncontrolled cell division. This means a cell have a problem with mitosis and divides uncontrollably.
Prokaryotic Cells Type of cell that does not contain membrane bound organelles (no true nucleus). They are single cells (bacteria) and very small.
Eukaryotic Cells These type of cells contain membrane bound organelles (contains a true nucleus). They are larger and make up plants and animals.
Differences between plant and animal cells? Plant cells contain: Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole, no centrioles, no lysosomes Animal cells contain: centrioles, lysosomes, smaller vacuoles, no cell wall
Nucleus Protects and stores DNA (membrane bound)
Created by: kelly.norris
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