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Pathogens
Exam revision
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Passive Immunity | The short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. |
| Vaccination | Inoculation: taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease |
| Immunisation | The act of making immune (especially by inoculation) |
| Active immunity | the immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. |
| Artificial Immunity | acquired (active or passive) immunity produced by deliberate exposure to an antigen, as in vaccination. |
| Maternal immunity | Humeral immunity passively transferred across the placenta from mother to fetus. |
| Monocyte | A large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, greyish cytoplasm. |
| Lymphocyte | A form of small leucocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system. |
| Phagocyte | A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. |
| Antibodies | A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. |
| Antigen | A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. |
| First line of defence in body | skin, chemical in tears, chemical in sweat and stomach acid |
| Second line of defence | Active Immunity |
| Boosters | Are substances that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. |
| Revaccinations | Vaccination administered some period after an initial vaccination especially to strengthen or renew immunity |
| Pathogens | a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. |
| Symptoms | a physical or mental feature that is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient. |
| Inflammatory response | Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. |
| Histamine | a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. |
| Immune response sequence | |
| Memory cells | a long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that feed its production. |
| Basil membrane cell | cells to prevent air bubbles form forming in the blood and from blood entering the alveoli. |
| Support cell | Any of the cells whose function is primarily To provide structural support in the epithelial membrane or tissue. |
| Olfactory cell | A sensory cell specialized for the reception of sensory stimuli caused by odors. (Are really a form of bipolar neuron: as with any other neuron, they are so specialized they need a set of supporting cells) |
| Goblet cell | a mucus-secreting epithelial cell (as of columnar epithelium) that is distended with secretion or its precursors at the free end |
| Ciliated cell | Cells possessing cilia. |
| Alveolar type II | squamous (able to be flattened) pulmonary epithelial (outside of alveoli) cell is lining cells of alveoli and becoming type II pneumocytes. |
| Alveolar type II | secretes surfactant (rich in phospholipids) and absorbs sodium and water , rounded great alveolar cells |
| Fibroblast | structural component of alveoli made of cologne and fibre.holds alveoli open |
| Macrophage | originate from blood borne monocytes: function in the removal of cell debris and foreign material (dust) from the lung |
| Red blood cell | biconcave bag with no nucleus and full of hemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| Endothelial cell | The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. The cells that form the endothelium ar |
| Surfactant | a substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved. |
| Alveolus structure and function | has type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant that reduces surface tension within the alveoli for more efficient expansion.A large surface area for gas exchange.thin walled to allow gas exchange. loaded with elastin which allows expansion. |
| Mucous secreting cells in stomach | Goblet cells, Parietal cells and Chief cells |
| Chief Cells | Is two type a small cell with granular cytoplasm that secretes pepsin a larger cell with hyaline cytoplasm and a mucoid secretion |
| Parietal Cells | any of the large oval cells of the gastric mucous membrane that secrete hydrochloric acid and lie between the chief cells and the basement membrane |
| Enteroendocrine cells in stomach | Are specialized endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.They produce in response to various stimuli peptides and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect,transmit them to enteric nervous system to activate nervous response |
| Stem cell in gut | Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells, that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. |
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