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human bio revision
edmodo homework for EOY exam revision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| passive immunity | A type of immunity acquired by the transfer of antibody from one individual to another. natural- through pregnancy and colostrum in breast feeding. Artificially through vaccinations ... |
| Maternal immunity | when a mother transfer antibodies to her offspring via placental route during pregnancy and via colostrum during breastfeeding. |
| artificial immunity | Artificial immunity is a means by which the body is given immunity to a disease through intentional exposure to small quantities of it. The most common form of artificial immunity is classified as active and comes in the form of vaccinations. |
| Monocyte | A type of white blood cell produced in bone marrow that is capable of phagocytosis. - functions in the ingestion of bacteria. |
| immunisation | A process which renders to organism immunity to a specific disease by exposing the organism to an antigen to promote the production of antibodies to a particular antigen. |
| vaccination | The administration of vaccine capable of evoking an immune response against a specific antigen thereby making the individual immune to it and protected from contracting the disease |
| active immunity | the immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. |
| Histamine | a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. |
| Lymphocyte | White blood cell in lymph & nodes that Makes antibodies |
| Phagocyte | A cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms |
| Antibodies | recognise foreign proteins on the surface of the pathogen: bind to the antigen causing pathogen to clump so they can be destroyed by the Immune system/phagocytes |
| Antigens | a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. |
| First line of defence in body | Skin/sebum/epithelial cells |
| Second line of defence | a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. This is the immune system. |
| Boosters | injections you have to replace the antibodies created from your initial injection which have died. booster is less pathogens and lifts your antibody count. |
| Revaccinations | within a few years of a 1st vaccination may be to do with a higher than expected frequency and severity of local injection site reactions due to too much weakened pathogens being present, a 2nd vaccination given five + years after a first well tolerated. |
| Pathogens | disease causing organisms |
| Symptoms | a physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient. |
| Inflammatory response. | Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. e.g. redness, swelling, heat ... |
| Memory cells | a long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production. |
| Basal membrane cell | a sheet of tissue that forms the outer layer of the choroid and lies just under the pigmented layer of the retina. It is composed of elastic fibers in an otherwise thin homogenous layer. |
| Support cell, | Any of the cells whose function is primarily to provide structural support in the epithelial membrane or tissue |
| Olfactory cell, | expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules. |
| Goblet cell | are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. |
| Ciliated cell | Cells with hair-like structures that help flush out foreign particles from the human body. |
| Alveolar type 1 | provides a barrier of minimal thickness that is readily permilable for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They cover 97% of the alveolar surface. |
| Alveolar types2 | secrete pulmonary surfactant and absorb sodium and water. they make up 3% of the alveolar surface. |
| Fibroblast | a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen,[1] the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. ________ are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals. |
| Macrophage | highly specialized in removal of dying or dead cells and cellular debris. - phagocytosis |
| Endothelial cell | a thin, flattened cell, a layer of them lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. |
| Red blood cell | most common type of blood cell which are filled with haemoglobin, delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system. |
| Surfactant | surface active lipoprotein formed by type two alveolar cells. they increase pulmonary compliance, prevent atelectasis, and to facilitate recruitment of collapse airways. |
| Alveolus structure and function | at the end of each alveolar ducts there are a number of sac-like structures called alveoli. this is where the gas exchange of CO2 and O2 happens and surfactant is created. |
| Mucous secreting cells in stomach | goblet (mucus)-> parietal (HCL) -> chief (pepsinogen) -> G cells (gastrin) |
| Parietal Cells | Secretes HCl and is involved in Hydrogen and Potassium regulation. |
| Chief Cells | release pepsinogen |
| Enteroendocrine cells in stomach | Also known as a G-Cell produces Gastrin. |
| stem cell in gut | can develop into any cell type that is required, the first cell type it develops all bodily systems |
| atelectasis | collapse of the lung at the end of expiration |
| Immune response sequence |
Created by:
Ella.scopas
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