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Z 371 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ladder of Nature | One species is better than another because it's more evolved/intelligent/etc. |
| Linear Progression | Simpler animals are older and more primitive (e.g., snake -> lizard -> 5-toed lizard) |
| Finalism | Assuming the current function is why it was originally evolved |
| End Goal (Panglossian Paradigm) | Traits are evolved for a specific purpose (e.g., birds evolved wings so that they could fly) |
| Plesiomorphies | Traits inherited from ancestors |
| Apomorphies | Evolved traits |
| Synapomorphies | Shared derived characters |
| Homoplasies | Traits that are shared because of convergence |
| Clade | Group of organisms that share a common ancestor |
| Monophyletic | A group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
| Paraphyletic | A group containing a common ancestor and some of its descendants |
| Polyphyletic | A group containing descendants from different ancestors |
| Changes in the Number of Serially Homologous Parts | e.g., Number of vertebrae/limbs varies in vertebrates |
| Diversification of Serially Homologous Parts | Individualization of repeated parts (e.g., some pharyngeal gill arches developed into jaws) |
| Diversification of Homologous Parts Between Lineages | Homologous structures are features that are shared because they were present in the common ancestor (e.g., tetrapod forelimbs are homologous, but have diversified and perform many different functions) |
| Appearance of Novelties | New character/body plan/pattern that evolved from pre-existing material or that arose de novo and became adapted to a new purpose (e.g., feathers arose from epithelial cells) |
| Polyphyodont | Multiple teeth replacements |
| Pleurodont | Teeth set on a shelf on inside of jawbone (some Osteichthyes, Lissamphibia, and some Lepidosauria) |
| Acrodont | Teeth fused to jaw, set on top (most Osteichthyes, some Lepidosauria) |
| Thecodont | Teeth set in socket in jawbone (Archosauria and Synapsida) |
| Diphyodont | Two sets of teeth (deciduous and adult) |
| Opsins | Photoreceptors that operate best in high intensity light (located in cones) |
| Rods | Photoreceptors that operate best in low intensity light |
| Lateral line (most cyclostomes, all fishes, and aquatic amphibians) | Detects water current and informs brain about directionality and disturbances in water. Has a series of pores; hair cells are at the bottom of these pores, and they respond to water currents that flow through |
| Vestibular apparatus (all Gnathostomes) | Detects position of the head and acceleration; informs body about orientation and whether it's moving. Semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, and cristae have fluid and calcareous structures that move hair cells. 3D positional information |
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