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HCS Biology

Chapter 5A (BJU Press)

TermDefinition
genetics The study of heredity.
gene A segment of DNA capable of producing a specific amino acid chain (polypetide) resulting in a specific characteristic.
chromosome A strand of DNA entwined proteins; usually found in the cell's nucleus.
histone A protein that supports, protects, and helps maintain the tightly coiled structure of the DNA in a chromosome.
chromatid One of two DNA duplicates that compose one chromosome (when the chromosome is not separated).
centromere The attachment point of two sister chromatids; also serves as point if attachment of spindle fibers during mitosis.
karyotype An illustration in which the chromosomes of a cell are arranged according to size.
homologous pair of chromosomes Two chromosomes that have the same kinds of gene (alleles) in the same order.
homologue One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
diploid Having homologous pairs of chromosomes.
haploid Having only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; characteristics of gametes.
cell cycle The repeating cycle of events in the life of a cell; composed of interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis.
interphase The period of time between cellular divisions.
mitosis The duplicating and separating of a cell's chromosomes.
prophase The first phase of mitosis; centromeres migrate to poles in the cytoplasm and chromosomes develop from chromatin material in the nucleus.
mitotic spindle Special microtubules that "direct" the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
metaphase The second phase of mitosis; chromosomes congregate along the equatorial plane of the cell.
anaphase The third phase of mitosis; paired chromatids separate and begin to migrate toward opposite poles of the cell.
telophase The final phase of mitosis; chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and two distinct nuclei form.
cytokinesis The division of cytoplasm in a dividing cell.
cell plate The precursor to the cell wall during cytokinesis in plant cells.
asexual reproduction The reproduction of a new organism without the fusion of a sperm and ovum; involves only mitotic cell divisions.
zygote A diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes.
meiosis Cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid state.
tetrad A group of four joined chromatids during meiosis.
gamete A haploid cell which can unite with another gamete to form a zygote.
fertilization The process of forming a zygote; the union of two gametes.
sperm A gamete formed by a male; often motile.
ovum A gamete formed by a female; usually nonmotile and larger than a sperm.
spermatogenesis The meiotic process of a sperm formation.
oogenesis The structure that produces the ovum.
sexual reproduction The union of haploid gametes that results in a diploid zygote that develops into a new individual.
Created by: chssteamboat
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