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Bio of Aging Test 3
Venable
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In brain aging, there is a significant reduction in _______ receptors | sensory |
| A reduction in sensory receptors affects | VO2 max, aspiration, hydration, incontinence, slight reflex slowing, injury frequency, comfort, appetite, blood pressure, throat feeling, thirst, bladder and colon fullness |
| How much of total brain size do you lose over your life span | 10% |
| Brain cells are shrinking in size causing the brain to be _____ | smaller |
| Causes of depression | chronic pain, multiple illnesses, struggles with memory loss, moving from home to retirement facility, feelings of isolation or loneliness as children move away, loss of independence |
| Dendrite branching in __________ decreases with aging | cerebral cortex |
| In neuron aging, there is a reduction in | neurotransmitter production |
| The ability to make new _______ diminishes with age | synapses |
| Neuronal cell bodies can harbor _________ for many years | viral infection |
| Brain cancer is normally not neurons but the | neurogeal cells |
| a postural tremor can be seen when | holding something, disjointed/shaky |
| an intention tremor can be seen when | beginning motion |
| Tremors are usually a precursor to | Parkinsons |
| what percent of people over 50 years old get Parkinsons | 2% |
| Parkinsons disease is characterized by | slow movement, postural tremor and muscular rigidity |
| Parkinsons disease causes disturbances in | speech, swallowing, strength |
| Parkinsons diseases is the degeneration and loss of neurons specifically in the | substantia nigra (where dopamine is made) |
| Parkinsons diseases usually causes _____ dopamine neurotransmitter levels | low |
| What is Parkinsons diseases thought to be caused by | free radical action possibly due to toxins |
| Dopamine has a damping effect in motor cortex and allows for | smooth coordinated muscle action |
| Parkinsons muscle tremors can be reduced by | Levodopa or Sinemet (reduces dopamine) |
| The onset of Parkinsons may be delayed by | Deprenyl |
| For a healthy brain: | stay active mentally and physically, eat healthy, destress, learn new skills, exercise abstract reasoning and concentration, meditation, biofeedback, rest and relaxation, yogurt, chocolate, almonds |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack, blood clots form and disperse; forewarns a stroke |
| Ischemic stroke is caused by | a clot obstructing the flow of blood to the brain |
| Multi-Infarct dementia results from | death of several small parts of brain from strokes |
| Oxygen going back to damaged tissues causes | a lot of free radicals (reperfusion injury) |
| F.A.S.T | f= face, A= arms, S= speech, T= time |
| a Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a | weakened blood vessel ruptures |
| what kind of stroke accounts for 13% of all stroke cases | hemorrhagic |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | blood in brain |
| subarchnoid hemorrhage | blood on brain |
| What is it called when there is a major behavior change not explained by previous dementia | Delirium |
| Delirium causes problems with | attention, organized thinking, hallucinations, orientation, memory |
| Delirium is triggered by | change in residence, immobilizaiton, dehydration, malnutrition, medications |
| Sundownders disorder is triggered by | reduced light |
| Sundownders usually _______ lead to dementia | does not |
| Senile dementia is classified as | loss of mental function in aged (>75) |
| often senile dementia symptoms are a | medication side effect |
| Senile dementia causes an impairment in | speech, motor, higher order brain function |
| 4 major forms of dementia | Alzheimers, Lewey Body, Downs, Parkinsons |
| what is the most common form of senile dementia | alzheimers |
| alzheimers is found in ____ of those over 65 and ____ of those over 85 | 15%; 50% |
| What disease is similar to Alzheimers and is characterized by inclusions between neurons | Lewey Body |
| Senile dementia is diagnosed by | MRI, PET, psychological impairment of orientation, memory, concentration, symbolic skill, ability to work, relate to family and peers, function socially |
| Senile dementia is slowly progressive and is mostly an | oxidative damage disease |
| Neurofibrillary tangles are | twisted filaments of tau inside neurons which causes loss of dendrites and reduction in neurotransmitter production (acetylcholine, dopamine) |
| Neuritic plaques are masses of | extracellular beta ameloid proteins |
| Alzheimers can be initiated by | mutations in certain genes (PS1, PS2, BAPP, apoE_ |
| if a patient has apoE4 they are | likely to get Alzheimers |
| if a patient has apoE1 they are | not likely to get Alzheimers (connected to living longer) |
| Ameloid Precursor Protein is cleaved by | gamma and beta secretases |
| mutations in the genes for ameloid precursor proteins leads to the formations of an | unnatural beta-ameloid protein |
| in Alzheimers the precursor proteins are | not cleaved at the right place |
| Ab42 is a sticky form of | the beta-ameloid protein |
| Ab42 forms large _____ of beta-ameloid in the brain | plaques |
| The immune system recognizes these beta-ameloid plaques as foreign and produces | free radicals to degrade them (oxidation) |
| the lack of _______ is the problem in Alzheimers | normal protein |
| Cell damage leads to | hyperphosphorylation (addition of lots of phosphates) of tau |
| forebrain | sleep is good for our brains, clears out damage and toxins |
| treatment for Alzheimers | acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, glutamate blockers, antipsychotic agents, immunization or stem cells |
| Alzheimers care | wandering, hostility, agitation, loss of control of bodily functions |
| Why has Alzheimers increased so much | because we are living longer |
| When light is detected in the eye, the signal is converted into | an electrical impulse |
| the _____ conveys the signal on through the thalamus | optic nerve |
| the thalamus send the signal along to the __________ of brain where the light is interpreted | occipital lobe |
| Where does light enter the eye | the cornea through the pupil which is in a diaphragm (iris) |
| rods | detect dim light and peripheral; more sensitive |
| cones | day vision and detect color |
| to optimize vision, the pupil ______ when there is not enough light coming into the eye | opens (dilates) |
| parallel rays are from | distant objects |
| divergent rays are from | close objects |
| to focus the shape of the lens | flattens (For far) or rounds (for near) using small muscles |
| the _____ can also be distorted by muscles that attach to sides of eye to enhance focus | cornea |
| the cornea is highly | enervated and very sensitive |
| Lachrymal glands secrete | tears to lubricate and wash eye surface |
| Medial rectus | moves the eye towards the nose |
| lateral rectus | moves the eye away from the nose |
| superior rectus | moves the eye up |
| inferior rectus | moves the eye down |
| superior oblique | rotates the eye so that the top of the eye moves towards the nose |
| inferior oblique | rotates the eye so that the top of the eye moves away from the nose |
| In eye aging, cones are | shortened or are lost completely |
| in eye aging, rods | lengthen and bend, reducing visual acuity |
| Decreased elasticity of ____ means pupil cannot open fully | iris |
| what causes poorer near vision | lens thickens and less elastic |
| Presbyopia is the | decreased ability to focus up close with age; corrected with glasses |
| what causes lens yellowing | UV light |
| what causes cloudiness in the eye | protein changes in lens |
| cataracts are present in what percent of people over 70 | 70% |
| what leads to increased eye pressure | the flow of vitreous humor out of the eye can become blocked; slows blood flow to retina; leads to retinal degeneration |
| Glaucoma is | pressure in eye can block blood supply and damage optic nerve and retina |
| what is a major risk factor of Glaucoma | diabetes |
| What is the macula lutea | thin area in center of retina, mostly cones, clear focus, fast flicker |
| What is the number one reason for vision loss | macular degeneration |
| what is a major risk factor for macular degeneration | smoking |
| what can cause retinal detachment | trauma or diabetes |
| eye care | wear sunglasses, wear goggles, consumer vitamins C,A, and E, folic acid, selenium, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin, don't read in low light, don't read for long without breaks |
| vibration of the ear drum vibrates a | series of tiny bones (ossicles) in the middle ear |
| pulse waves go through the | cochlea |
| in cochlea, pressure waves in lyph fluid stimulates the | organ of Cortis (mechanoreceptors) |
| hair cells send signals to nerve cells that send signal on through | cochlear nerve then to brain |
| higher frequencies carry more | energy- enough energy to damage cells at high amplitude |
| our ears are best suited for hearing | birds |
| ceruminous glands are in the | external auditory canal |
| ceruminous glands produce what | cerumen (earwax) which lubricates and cleans the auditory canal and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles |
| semicircular canals provide | orientation input through vestibular nerve; sense movement and position of contained fluid and floating crystals |
| presbycusis is the | decreased ability to hear; loss of hair cells in part of cochlea |
| presbycusis affects about what percent of those over 75 years old | 40% |
| presbycusis is caused by | cumulative damage from loud sounds |
| presbycusis can lead to problems with | responding to stimuli- horns, alarms, phones, words |
| what affects hearing | amplitude and pitch of sounds |
| due to damage and scarring the ear drum becomes | thicker and less sensitive; makes hearing soft sounds harder |
| every time you damage your ear its going to | form more scar tissue and get thicker |
| with ear aging there can be a loss of | neurons and conduction to the brain |
| Tinnitus | perception of sounds not present |
| causes of tinnitus | obstructions, infections, neural disfunction, damage, exposure to loud sounds, chemotherapy |
| sigsn of hearing loss | saying huh or what a lot, trouble hearing in restaurant, tv/radio is loud, misunderstanding, more daydreaming, perplexed look, avoiding groups, less use of phone |
| problems with _________ can cause loss of spatial orientation/dizziness | semicircular canals |
| Vertigo can occur when | hair cells are still sending signals of motion even though you may be perfectly still, giving you the illusion of movement |
| menieres disease | semicircular canal dysfunction |
| ear care | avoid loud sounds, protect ears from loud sounds, clear ear wax with irrigation regularly, keep objects out of ears |
| gustation | taste, number of taste buds is reduced with age |
| olfaction | number of receptors declines with age, poorer ability to detect spoiled food, gas leaks, body odor |
| cutaneous sensation | number of receptors declines with age, can lead to accidents, inappropriate responses and reduced pleasure from experiencing the world around them |
| Functions of the cardiovascular system | bring nutrients and O2 to the tissues, remove waste products (uric acid, CO2) from tissues for disposal, provide a network for communication |
| right side of the heart pumps blood to the | lungs (oxygenation of blood) |
| the left side of the heart pumps blood to | organs and peripheral tissues (oxygenation of tissues) |
| heart beats about how many times a day | 100000 |
| valves in the heart are | separate compartments to prevent reverse blood flow |
| some of the blood that pumps through the heart goes around to feed the heart tissues via | coronary artieries |
| the contraction of the left and right atria is stimulated by the | SA node (pacemaker) |
| the contraction of the left and right ventricles is stimulated by the | AV node |
| what allows doctors to observe and assess heart rhythm | ECG electrocardiogram |
| systolic pressure | (highest) post left ventricle contraction |
| diastolic pressure | (lowest) pre left ventricle contraction |
| normal blood pressure range is | 120/70 mmHg |
| what helps determine blood volume and thereby pressure | kidney function |
| vascular morphology (inside---out) | lumen-endothelium-extracellular matrix support-smooth muscle layer-connective tissue layer- serosa |
| what are the smallest blood vessels | capillaries |
| where does the exchange of nutrients occur | in capillaries |
| simple diffusion in capillaries happens from ____ to ____ concentration | high to low |
| active transport in capillaries is when proteins bind molecules to | blood and transport them |
| what drains the space in between the cells (interstitial) back to blood | lymphatic system |
| What do the lymph nodes do | destroy microorganism before dumping to blood |
| the lymph nodes are rich with | white blood cells |
| the spleen filters | microorganisms from the blood |
| the thymus is an important site for | maturation of T cells |
| hemostasis is the | stoppage of bleeding |
| clots formed during a heart attack or stroke can sometimes be dissolved with | streptokinase or tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) |
| heparin is a natural | anti-clotting agent |
| aspirin is an | anti-clotting agent and is used prophylacticly to reduce risk of heart attack or stroke |
| Some normal aspects of heart aging include | fat accumulation, endothelial layer becoming thicker, cardiac output decreases, valves become stiffer and more irregular, duration of systole increases, max heart rate decreases |
| how much does cardiac output usually decrease with normal adult aging | 0.7% per year; 30% reduction by age 75 |
| regurgitation | reverse flow of blood through defective valve |
| 75 year olds have _____ the number of SA node cells of 20 year olds | 10% |
| if SA node fails, what can be implanted | a pacemaker |
| what are some aspects of abnormal aging | disrhythmia, flutter, fibrillation, hypotensions, atherosclerosis, arterioscelerosis, atheroma, hardening of arteries |
| what causes cardiac disrhythmia | the SA node and/or signal distribution begins to fail |
| flutter is a rapid | regular contraction |
| what can stimulate an appropriate rhythm for fibrillation | electrical device (defibrillator) |
| what is hypotension and what can cause it | low blood pressure, the inability to effectively pump blood due to low blood volume, uncoordinated heart, chronic internal or external bleeding, poor liquid intake, shock, drugs |
| treatment for abnormal heart aging | antiarrhythmic drugs, defibrillator, pacemaker, hydration, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) surgically implanted |
| LDL can become ________ but HDL can not | oxidized |
| HDL carries extra cholesterol from | other tissues back to the liver |
| a high HDL level is | healthy |
| monocytes are __________ that monitor intima of the blood vessels in search of foreign bodies and debris | white blood cells |
| monocytes mature into | macrophages (more aggressive, big eater) |
| Macrophages under intima engulf | oxidized LDL (mLDL) and become foam cells |
| increased muscle moves into the artery wall (stenosis) forming | intermediate lesions |
| lesions become larger and begin to take up calcium and cholesterol and become more stiff and can be called | atherosclerotic plaques |
| atherosclerosis is detected by a | EBCT scan |
| atherosclerotic plaque treatment | diet, exercise, stents, angioplasty, bypass |
| what is considered high blood pressure (number) | >140/90 mmHg |
| hypertension affects ____ of americans over 60 | half |
| risk factors for hypertension | smoking, obesity, diabetes, excess alcohol, lack of exercise, poor diet |
| what exacerbates hypertension | atherosclerosis |
| treatment for hypertension includes | diuretics, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers, potassium, statins, exercise, diet, stop smoking |
| In heart aging, veins | dilate and stretch |
| increased back pressure can lead to | vascular distention |
| varicose veins are veins that have become | enlarged and tortuous |
| angina | transient coronary artery constriction of occluded artery causing pain from anoxia |
| angina is a type of temporary | chest pain, pressure or discomfort |
| in Angina, the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen due to a | narrowed coronary artery |
| treatment for Angina | vasodilators, reduce atherosclerosis |
| what is the collapsing of artery wall outward | aneurism |
| what is the cause of death in 1/250 in the over 50 year old population | aneurism |
| an enlarged heart is a | left ventricular hypertrophy |
| congestive heart failure has increased by ____ in the last 30 years | 5x |
| back pressure from poor cardiac function and atherosclerosis can lead to | pulmonary edema (fluid buildup) or swelling of legs and feet |
| symptoms of compensatory ventricular hypertrophy | coughing, short breath, wheezing, nausea, elevated heart rate |
| treatment for compensatory ventricular hypertrophy | vasodilators, drugs to increase heart rate, diuretics, diet, exercise, smoking/alcohol |
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