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Human Bio EOY Exams
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunisation | A process in which a person becomes immune to a pathogen.Can be passive or active immunity |
| Active immunity | Immunity you get when your body produces the antibodies which fight off the pathogen. Your body remembers how to make the antibodies for the specific pathogen so it can be killed if it enters your body again, making you immune.Vaccination |
| Passive immunity | Immunity gained by an injection of antibodies which help you fight of the pathogen once you already have it, but will not help you if you get it again as your body did not make the antibodies so does not know how to make them. Won't last. |
| Artificial immunity | When you are exposed to a pathogen deliberately in small quantities, so you can fight it off yourself and gain immunity. |
| Maternal Immunity | When antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta, so it doesn't get sick. When the baby is born it gets the antibodies from breast milk until it can make antibodies of its own. |
| Monocyte | A type of white blood cell which can engulf pathogens and produce immune effector molecules. When there is tissue damage or infection, monocytes go to the area and turn into tissue macrophages and help kill pathogens and instruct other immune cells. |
| Lymphocyte | A specialized white blood cell which comes from the bone marrow. Split into B cells, T cells and natural killer cells. Produces antibodies, kills pathogen infected cells and produces toxin cell killing granules for infected cells. |
| Phagocytes | White blood cells. Chemical signals tell phagocytes when there is infection and they go to the area, bind to pathogens and engulf them, killing them. They show bits of the dead pathogen to other immune cells so they know it is a pathogen |
| Antibodies | Antibodies are produced by B cells and have receptors on them which attach to antigens and move them to phagocytes so they can eliminate them |
| Antigens | Antigens are things that cause you to make antibodies against them. |
| First Line of Defence in body | The first line of defense is a line of defense that tries to stop pathogens from entering your body. Includes skin, mucous, saliva and blood clots |
| Second Line of Defence | If the pathogens can get through the first line of defense they encounter the second line of defense. This involves cells such as your white blood cells, tissue and organs |
| Boosters | Things that boost your immune system? Vaccinations you get after a period of time to make sure you still have the immunity? |
| Revaccination | When a person who has already been vaccinated is vaccinated again, even though the first one was successful |
| Pathogens | A disease causing organism |
| Symptoms | Abnormal functions or feelings as the result of a pathogen |
| Inflammatory response | When tissue is hurt by bacteria, toxins or anything else. The damaged cells release chemical, including histamine. These cause cells to leak fluids causing swelling so the foreign substance is isolated. Attracts phagocytes. Pus is formed. |
| Histamine | Histamine is a chemical released from cut cells which attracts phagocytes. Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to area, capillaries leak plasma causing swelling, stimulates phagocytes to go to the area. |
| Immune response sequence | ????????? |
| Memory cells | Memory cells are B and T cells which have encountered pathogens and now remember how to respectively produce antibodies against it and know how to identify cells it has infected and the pathogen itself |
| Basil membrane cell | Part of the plasma membrane at the basal side of the cell. Faces underlying connective tissue |
| Support cell | Cells which provide structural support for other cells |
| Olfactory cell | Sensory cells which receive stimulation from smells. |
| Goblet cell | Mucous secreting cells. Start of as glandular simple columnar epithelial cells. Secretes mucin which dissolves in water to make mucous. Protects stomach lining from acid |
| Ciliated cell | Ciliated cells have thin extensions on the opposite of the side attached to the body. They move things such as fluids and food by the cilia waving back and forth. Lining on intestines. |
| Alveolar type 1 cell | Squamous cells which line the alveolar surfaces of the lungs. They cover most of the surface. Very thin. Provides a thin barrier which is permeable to gases such as oxygen. |
| Alveolar type 2 cell | Not squamous. Cover remainder of alveolar surface of lungs. Produce surfactant. Can replicate in alveoli and do this to replace damaged alveolar type 1 cells. |
| Fibroblast | Fibroblasts make collagen, along with other fibres, for animal tissues. Help with wound healing. Helps to maintain structure of connective tissue. |
| Macrophage | Cells produced by monocytes dividing, in the tissue. They engulf cellular debris and pathogens. Stimulate immune cells to react with pathogens. |
| Red blood cell | Delivers oxygen to tissue by the blood flow. Take oxygen in the lungs, release it while going through capillaries.Contains haemoglobin - red, can bind to oxygen. Mature ones -flexible and biconcave. No nucleus and other organelles for haemoglobin space |
| Endothelial cell | Form inner lining of a blood vessel. Selective permeable barrier. Regulates immune and inflammatory response. Growth regulator |
| Surfactant | Compounds which lower surface tension between 2 liquids or a liquid and a solid. From type 2 alveolar cells. |
| Alveolus structure and function | Alveoli are very thin for gas exchange. Have large surface area for more exchange happening. Fluid lining so gases can dissolve. Surrounded by capillaries which bring gas. Gas exchange of CO2 and Oxygen happens here. |
| Mucus secreting cells in stomach | Goblet cells - protect lining of stomach from acid. Start as glandular simple columnar epithelial cells and change because of hormones into goblet cells. |
| Parietal cells | Cell in the stomach which produces hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Component of gastric juice. Factor leads to chief cell formation. |
| Chief cells | Cell in the stomach which release pepsinogen. Works with the parietal cells - HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin which breaks food proteins into peptides. Doesn't normally develop without parietal cell |
| Enteroendocrine cells in stomach | Produces CCK, somatostatin, seratonin and motilin. Consists of all hormone cells - D cells, G cells, chief cells etc. Found in islets of Langerhans. Stimulated by nervous system. |
| Stem cells in gut | Stem cells can differentiate into different specialized cells. In the gut, they can turn into damaged cells to help mend the gut. |
| Vaccination | When a injection of a small amount of pathogens is given to you and your body fights them off itself by producing antibodies so you gain active immunity by your memory cells which remember how to kill the specific pathogens. |
Created by:
Nehar11
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