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Ch. 2 terms
Biology Chapter 2 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Mass | A measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the gravitational force |
| Element | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
| Nucleus | The part of the eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized |
| Proton | A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element. |
| Neutron | A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all the atoms of an element |
| Mass Number | The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | A subatomic particle that has a negative charge |
| Orbital | A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons |
| Isotope | An atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as the other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) |
| Compound | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| Chemical Bond | The attractive force that holds atoms or ions together |
| Covalent Bond | A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Molecule | A group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of the substances chemical properties |
| Ion | An atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
| Ionic Bond | The attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Energy | The capacity to do work |
| Chemical Reaction | The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances. |
| Reactant | A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
| Product | A substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism |
| Activation Energy | The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly. |
| Enzyme | A type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| Redox Reaction | A reaction in which electrons are transferred between atoms; also know as oxidation-reduction reaction |
| Oxidation Reaction | A chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge |
| Reduction Reaction | A chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons. |
| Polar | Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends |
| Hydrogen Bond | The intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule. |
| Cohesion | The force that holds molecule of a single material together. |
| Adhesion | The attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
| Capillarity | The attraction between molecules that results in the rise of a liquid in small tubes. |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed. |
| Solute | In a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent |
| Solvent | In a solution, the substance in which the solution dissolves. |
| Concentration | The amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore. |
| Saturated Solution | A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions |
| Hydroxide Ion | The OH- ion |
| Hydronium Ion | An ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water; H3O + ... |
| Acid | Any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts |
| Base | Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts |
| pH scale | A range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic |
| Buffer | A solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it |
Created by:
GarciaC17
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