Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
bio chapter 9 and 16
bio concepts 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aerobic respiration | biochemical reaction using o2 and an organic compound (often glucose) to make cellular energy. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. exergonic. |
| Aerobic respiration equation | C6H12O6+ 6o2= 6CO2+6H2O+ENERGY(ATP)+HEAT |
| Breathing | mechanical action of lungs, ribcage, and diaphragm to bring are (o2) into our bodies |
| Oxidation | reduction reaction: movement (transfer) of electrons between molecules during chemical reactions. loss of electrons more + |
| reduction | gain electrons more - |
| Re-dox reactions | occur in pairs. one chemical is reduced while the other is oxidized. |
| respiration | glucose is oxidized to form carbon dioxide. oxygen is reduced to form H2O. Glucose would immediately oxidize but it has a high energy of activation and requires either high heat or an enzyme for the reaction. |
| respiration and glucose | glucose is broken down to release energy in a series of enzyme catalyzed steps: this is more efficient than one big step |
| Glycolysis | most cells get energy from glucose. occurs in the cytosol. breaking down of sugars begins. the 6 carbon sugar glucose is broken down into 2, 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. 1 molecule of glucose produces a net gain of 2 ATP via phosphorylation |
| pyruvate | 3 carbon molecules formed in glycolysis |
| Glycolysis and energy | the main energy source for cells until oxygen built up in the atmosphere due to development of cyanobacteria |
| Glycolysis transportation | pyruvate is actively transported to the mitochondrial matrix, then transformed into acetyl Coenzyme A. CO2 is a by-product; pyruvate continues to citric acid cycle; NADH goes to oxidative phosphorylation |
| Citric Acid cycle (Kerbs worked out pathway in 1930s) | occurs in the mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotes) or cytosol (prokaryotes). completes breakdown of sugar by oxidizing pyruvate to CO2. |
| 1st step of Citric acid cycle | acetyl coenzyme A is the energy source for the cycle. Acetyl coA binds w/ oxaloacetate to from citrate (citric acid) |
| 2nd step of citric acid cycle | after 8 enzyme- catalyzed steps 2 acetyl coA produce a net gain of 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2. |
| Electron transport chain general info | occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria. consists primarily of proteins embedded on the inner membrane called electron carriers. NADH and FADH2 carry energy(electrons) to the transport chain. |
| Electron transport chain 1st step | NADH and FADH2 become NAD+ and FAD as they donate electron to the protein in the transport chain. when a protein accepts electron it becomes reduced; where it then donates these electrons to the next protein in the chain- oxidized. |
| Electron transport chain end | the electrons are used to join H+ and O2 to form H2O; O2 is extremely electronegative. step down process releases small bursts of useable energy instead of one big burst. |
| Chemiosmosis (electrogenic pump)1st step | H+ released when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized , build up in the mitochondrial inter membrane space. |
| Chemiosmosis 2nd step | H+ return through the membrane to the matrix via ATP synthase, a complex of proteins embedded in the inner membrane. |
| chemiosmosis 3rd step | ATP synthase proteins harness energy from H+ flow to make ATP (energy coupling) |
| chemiosmosis results | produce bulk of ATP to make ATP; one molecule of glucose produces a net gain of 26-28 ATP. *overall aerobic respiration produces 30-32 ATP/ GLUCOSE |
| Anaerobic | no oxygen used; no electron transport chain |
| Alcohol Fermentation | pyruvate from glycolysis is split to form 2CO2 and 2 ethanol, using 2NAD+ as electron carriers. anaerobic |
| Alcohol Fermentation products | produces a net gain of 2ATP. Ethanol production oxidizes NADH to NAD+. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | anaerobic. May be an alternative to aerobic respiration if oxygen is not available. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation products | Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into 2 lactate molecules, using 2NAD+ as electron carriers. net gain of 2ATP. oxidizes NADH to NAD+. |
| Cori cycle | our muscles produce lactate when we exercise too hard for our aerobic system to keep up: does not really cause muscle pain, H+ build up from ATP may |
| Lactate | is eventually taken to liver and converted back to pyruvate. this and ethanol are metabolic waste products and poisonous to micro organisms but they need the NAD+ for glycolysis. |
| Anaerobic respiration | Anaerobic but has citric acid cycle and electron transport chain; may use SO4(-2)as the electron acceptor, forming hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or NO3. less efficient than aerobic respiration. |
| chromosomes (chromosome theory of inheritance proposed in early 1900s) | reside in nucleus. present in pairs in 2n cells. homologs (pairs) separate during meiosis. made of dna and proteins |
| Gene | functional segment of DNA located at a certain point (locus) on a chromosome; codes doe a protein. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (structure 1st proposed in 1953) | found in nucleus. carriers of hereditary info. consists of 4 subunits called nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | 5 carbon deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base with 1 or 2 rings. has the same sugar and phosphate groups, but there are 4 different bases |
| pyrimidine base | single ring. Thymine and cytosine |
| purine bases | have double rings. Adenine and guanine. |
| Genes and proteins | most of a living cell consists of protein or is synthesized by protein enzymes. all proteins are coded for by arrangements of 4 nucleotides. a DNA segment just 10 nucleotides long can have over 1mil diff sequences. |
| Alfred Mirsky | worked w/ protein structure. amount of DNA in a cell of an individual from the same species is the same. exception: gametes have 1/2 the DNA. helped prove DNA is hereditary. |
| Erwin Chargaff | base composition of DNA varies form one species to another. But DNA always has equal |
| Rosland Franklin and Maurice Wilkins | Bombarded DNA with X-Ray to form a picture. concluded that DNA is helical, consists of repeating subunits, and has a sugar phosphate backbone on the outside. |
| James Watson and Francis Crick | published the complete structure of DNA. DNA molecules consist of 2 strands of nucleotides in shape of double helix |
| DNA Strads | run in opposite direction. 5(p) to 3 (sugar) on one strand. 3 to 5 on the opposite strand. |
| Cell division | prior to cell division chromosomes double and each daughter cell receives an exact copy of all the genetic material of the parent cell. |
| Replication | One DNA strand is copied to produce 2 identical strands |
| conservative replication | the 2 parental strands act as template for 2 new strands, then reassociate |
| semi conservative replication | the 2 parental strands act as templates for 2 new strands each replicated helix consists of 1 "old" strand and 1 "new" strand |
| Dispersive replication | daughter strands are composed of old and new DNA pieces. * as replication continues more and more of old DNA is present. |
| Origins of replication | place where replication begins. |
| DNA replication | Proteins that initiate replication recognize this DNA sequence and bind here. Proteins open up the DNA strands into a replication bubble so DNA can be copied. occurs in both directions. bubbles merge as the entire length of the DNA strand is copied. |
| Antiparallel Elongation | DNA can only be replicated in 5'-3' direction. instead od replication bubble, DNA is being synthesized in 2 directions. New DNA molecules on the leading strand are continuously elongated in the direction of the replication bubble. |
| Okazaki Fragments | to replicate backwards pieces on the lagging strand are made in the 5'-3' direction. |
| DNA ligase | ties the sugar phosphate backbone together. |
| Helicase | unwinds the DNA strand and separates the strands by breaking the h-bonds between base pairs. starts at one spot and "walks" along the DNA causing the 2 strands to separate. each DNA strand is used as a template. |
| Topoisomerase | Separating the strands caused stress on the DNA. This works a head of the DNA helicase to relieve tension on the double helix. Cuts the Sugar Phosphate backbone, swivels the chain and reattached the backbone. single strand binding proteins come next |
| single strand binding proteins | bind with unwanted template DNA. Stabilize the Template strands to Prevent re-pairing |
| Primase | Synthesize and adds RNA primer to strand so DNA bases can be added to make the new DNA strand. Starts a new DNA strand. leading strand only needs 1 form the origin of replication. lagging strand needs a new primer for each okazaki fragment. |
| DNA polymerase 3 | Attaches nucleotides to form the new DNA chain. binds a nucleoside Triphosphate w/ a complementary base to the exposed base of the template strand. 2 phosphates are lost thus forming a nucleotide. Joins the sugar and phosphate to form backbone. |
| Free nucleoside Triphosphates location | in the nucleus |
| DNA polymerase 3 movement | only travels in a 5'-3' direction along the DNA strand. 1 DNA polymerase molecule forms a long continuous chain on the leading strand. Okazaki fragments need several DNA polymerase 3. on the lagging strand continues until hit the primer of next fragment. |
| DNA polymerase 1 | removes the primer and adds appropriate DNA nucleotides to the strand. |
| Proofreading enzyme | Many enzymes proofread the DNA fragments. DNA polymerase also double check the new DNA strand for accuracy in base-pairing. |
| why Telomeres are needed | in Eukaryotes DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end, so when primers at the 5' end are removed there is no way to replace the nucleotides. over time the DNA gets shorter. |
| Telomeres | enzyme found at the end of eukaryotic DNA strands. repetitions of short DNA sequences that carry no genetic info. the protect DNA ends. make DNA original length. found in cancer cells. |
Created by:
ejohnson17
Popular Biology sets