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Human Bio 29/10/13
Pathogen Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is passive immunity? | When the body has recieved a vaccine of ready-made anitbodies/antitoxin in order to prevent a virus/bacteria/fungi from entering/'taking over' the body |
| Why do you need to be vaccinated against tetanus every 20 years? | because the arefewer antibodies present or the body has run out of antibodies or antibodies have broken down, antibodies have limited life and ‘booster’ needed to keep vaccine working. Also viruses, bacteria and fungi are constantly evolving. |
| How is active immunity gained? | when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response |
| Describe the role of a lympohcyte | Makes antibodies which is a protein that lymphocytes produce when harmful substances are detected, called antigens |
| How do antibodies help the body create an immunity to chicken pox? | antibodies clump anti gens which are to be engulfed by phagocytes and the body makes antibodies faster to prevent further suffering body immune system gains memory cells for chicken pox and memory cells can make antibodies again |
| Describe how the body prevents pathogens from entering through the broken skin | Sweat is salty and poisons pathogens. Blood clots form a barrier to pathogen when skin is broken. Pus/white blood cells attack pathogens |
| Describe how the body prevents pathogens from entering through the nose | mucus traps pathogens, can then be coughed out of system – cilia trap pathogens and move mucus and pathogens up towards nasal cavity to be removed (by sneezing) |
| Describe how the body prevents pathogens from entering through the ears | wax & hairs trap pathogens |
| Why can pathogens can still get into the body? | Bacteria that cause food poisoning are able to survive in acidic conditions. Pathogen numbers are large so increased chance of some getting past the defence mechanism. They mutate and body does not recognise them. They develop adaptations. Not killed. |
| How do antibodies help in the immune response? | Antibodies recognise foreign proteins on the surface of the pathogen: bind to the antigen causing pathogen clump so they can be destroyed by the Immune system. |
| Why do people who want to protect themselves against the flu virus need to have a new flu vaccination every year? | Because the flu is forever evolving Flu virus has a high mutation rate: not recognised by the immune system. The body doesn’t have the antibodies & not able to recognise the new antigens |
| Describe what is meant by the term pathogen | Disease causing organism. |
| State THREE common symptoms that indicate pathogens have entered the body | Swelling, Redness, Pain |
| Discuss histamine response and feedback | Histamine attracts phagocytes which attack invading pathogens-Blood vessels dialate increasing blood flow to area-Capillaries "leak" plasma into damaged area causing swelling-stimulates phagocytes to move to damaged area to engulf pathogens so no spread. |
| Discuss how a mother provides her newborn baby with immunity to some diseases during the first few months of its life. | Baby before birth (foetus) receives mother’s antibodies across placenta : baby born with the same protection against diseases as mother : baby continues to get antibodies in breast milk. after a few months baby starts to make its own antibodies. |
| What do T lymphocytes do? | Destroy infected cells making memory cells |
| What do B lymphocytes do? | Produce antibodies |
Created by:
tiegan.lilley
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