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Bio Concepts
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Energy | Capacity to cause change |
| Cilia | Shot and numerous, provide force in a direction parallel to the plasma membrane |
| Granum | Stack of thylakoids |
| Endergonic reaction | Absorbs energy: non spontaneous. ex: photosynthesis |
| Exergonic reaction | Releases energy by breaking molecules: spontaneous ex: respiration |
| Food Chain | There is less biomass as you go up the food chain. Energy pyramid; 1-10% of \energy is transferred between trophic levels |
| Equilibrium | When reactions reach equilibrium, no work can be done; cells are never at equilibrium when alive. ** a cell at metabolic equilibrium is dead |
| Product | Substance produced by the reaction |
| Active site | Region of the enzyme where the substrate binds. May change the shape of the substrates. Must have correct pH (low pH for an overall neutral cell). May participate physically in the reaction. |
| Intermediate Filament | Medium sized rope of Keratin protein strands; more persistent than others |
| Microfilament | Very thin, twisted double strand of actin protein |
| To lower activation energy | Active site hold the substrate in the proper orientation so bonds can form. Substrate is help in place by weak bonds. |
| Organelle movement | Intermediate Filament are attached to organelles; Microtubule provide tracts along which organelles move within a cell; Microfilament causes cytoplasmic streaming |
| Enzyme regulation | Via switching genes that encode for the enzyme on and off.Via allosteric activation a molecule binds to the enzyme (not activation site) and changes the enzyme shape, stimulating enzyme activity.Via inhibitors-usually reversible,but some are irreversible |
| Arms of Dyne | In protein connect pairs of Microtubules; as the protein flex the microtubule pairs slide past one another and the cilia or flagella move. Proteins require ATP energy to flex; cilia and flagella move almost constantly so cells need lots of energy |
| Cell movement | Microfilament assembly, disassembly and sliding causes cells to crawl, contract and change shape; microtubules move cilia and flagella via motor proteins. |
| Cilia and Flagella | Slender extensions of the plasma membrane containing MT; used for location. Each consists of a ring of a fused pairs of MT, which 1 pair of unfused MT in the rings center. Anchored by basal body located beneath plasma membrane |
| Functions of Cytoskeleton | Cell shape: especially cells that don't have cell walls; MF + MT help. Cell movement: MF assembly, disassembly and sliding causes cells to crawl, contract and change shape; MT move cilia and flagella via motor proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | * not and organelle. network of protein fibers that extend between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane. do not haphazardly drift about the cytoplasm; organelles and some enzymes are attached to the cytoskeleton. |
| Cell attachment | IF help attach adjacent cells together. |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions in an organism. A living cell is like a miniature chemical factory. we can study the flow of energy through living organisms |
| Inner Membrane chloroplasts | Encloses the semi- fluid stroma, which contains ribosomes and enzymes. |
| Thermodynamics | Study of energy transformations occurring in matter |
| Primary wall | Outer most wall of cell; secreted 1st; this and flexible at first, may become hard |
| Negative Feedback inhibition | Important in regulating metabolism. Consists of reversible inhibitors. |
| Secondary wall | Formed between the primary wall and plasma membrane; rigid so helps maintain cell shape; maybe absent |
| Mitochondria #1 | Outer membrane is smooth. Inner membrane looks back and forth forming deep folds called cristae and forms 2 fluid filled spaces. inter membrane space is between inner and outer membrane |
| Positive Feedback | end product speeds up its own production. platelets are formed when you are injured. Platelets release a chemical that encourages more platelets to form |
| Middle Lamella | thin sticky polysaccharide(pectin) layer that glues adjacent cells together. |
| Types of cellular work | Chemical work transport work Mechanical work |
| Enzymes | *often a protein. can be a catalysts. lower the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction w/o being consumes in the reaction themselves. seed up reaction time. enzymes are reused. they are selective |
| Cofactors | non-protein sub-unit attached to an enzyme. May be temporary or permanent often required for an enzymatic reaction to proceed. |
| Competitive inhibitors | inhibitor shape is similar to the substrate shape. Inhibitor binds to the active site by blocking real substrate. overcome by increasing substrate concentration. |
| Chloroplasts | 1. provide energy for photosynthetic organisms. 2. uses chlorophyll to capture sunlight energy during photosynthesis and convert it to sugar 3. Derived from bacteria: have DNA double membrane, reproduce by fission |
| Primary cilium | Single cilium on some cells that transmit information from the cells environment to its interior |
| Cell wall Functions | a. supports cell (shape) b. Protects cell c. Prevents excessive water uptake |
| Energy of activation | Energy needed to start a chemical reaction. *some reactions may not occur or will be very slow w/o the addition of extra energy |
| Plasmodesmata Formation | Formed where Golgi vesicles were located during cell division |
| ATP Hydrolysis | Inorganic phosphate group breaks off. energy is released. left with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Pi. Energy from breaking down glucose recycles adenosine diphosphate +Pi back into ATP. |
| Energy and cellular work | An exergonic process is used to power an endergenic one. Release of Pi from ATP provides the energy for cellular work. |
| Energy Coupling | Lets cells manage energy to do work |
| Thylakoids | embedded within the stroma: interconnected stacks of hollow membranous sacs. contains green pigment chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments. |
| Reversible inhibitors | Product of the enzyme reaction is the inhibitor. when too much product is produced it binds with an enzyme preventing it from catalyzing more reactions. |
| Deductive logic | General to specific. Treatment vs. control groups. Manipulation of variables |
| Inductive logic | Specific to general |
| Conclusion | Experiments DO NOT PROVE a hypothesis is correct. they only support or reject a hypothesis. |
| Outer membrane of chloroplast | around outside of chloroplast |
| Plasmodesmata | tiny membrane-lined channels that cross adjacent primary walls connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent plan cells. allow water and small solutes to pass from cell to cell. cytoplasmic channels through the cell walls. |
| Mitochondria #2 | Provides energy for cell via cellular respiration. enzymes convert energy from food (sugars) into high-energy bonds of ATP in O2 consuming aerobic reactions. Appear as round, oval, tubular sacs surrounded by 2 membrane. derived bacteria from eukaryotic |
| Endosymbont theory | organelles are derived from eukaryotic bacteria. Have their own DNA (similar to bacterial DNA) + ribosomes. have 2 extra membranes reproduced by fission. |
| Mitochondria Matrix | Enclosed by the inner compartment of the inner membrane: metabolic reactions occur within the matrix fluid and along the membrane cristae |
| Cilia Functions | Locomotion in unicellular or small multicellular organisms. Used by larger organisms to move fluids and suspend particles past a surface. |
| Plastid | AKA chloroplast. organelle found in photosynthetic organisms. Have double membrane types: chromoplasts- stores pigments in fruit and flowers. Amyloplasts- stores photosynthetic products (starch) made during summer for use in spring. |
| Flagella Function | Locomotion in unicellular organisms and cells |
| Heat energy | boiling water makes water molecules move ex: kinetic energy |
| non competitive inhibitors | doesn't bind to the activation site. binds to another site and changes shape of the enzyme to inactivate it |
| Cell wall | Outer most structure of plants, fungi, algae, bacteria cells. Completely encloses cell. secreted by cell membrane |
| Cell Junctions | Allow cell to communicate with the outside world and each other. allows cells to exchange substances. attach cells to each other. |
| Cell Division | MT guide chromosomes into daughter nuclei; MF divide cytoplasm in animal cells. |
| Extracellular matrix | Allows cells to communicate with the outside world and indirectly with each other. composed of glycoproteins (esp collagen) and carbohydrates. secreted by cell. |
| Cell Wall composition | Cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi) and proteins and other carbohydrates |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Catabolic | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. |
| Allosteric activation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |
| Gap Junction | * type of cell junction. channel formed by membrane proteins between animal cells that allow molecules to move across; facilitate communication |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | ATP= ribose sugar + adenine base+ 3 phosphate. formed from the breakdown of glucose. stores energy immediately used by the cell. |
| Entropy | tendency toward disorder and energy is needed to counteract it. |
| Induces fit model | as the substrate enters the active site, the enzyme shape changes slightly |
| Enzyme reactivity | Depends on substrate concentration and enzyme concentration. |
| Substrate | Chemical reactant and enzyme reacts with |
| Peroxisome | Metabolic compartment. Vesicle w/ enzymes to break down fatty acids (lipids), amino acids (proteins) and alcohol. Oxidizes molecules: removes H+ from substrate and adds it to 02. Making H202(toxic) but organelle converts it to H2O. |
| Genome | Entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down a polymer by adding water to beak the bond |
| Nuclear lamina | Lines the nuclear side of nuclear envelope; netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
| Types of Cytoskeleton components | A. Microfilament (MF) B. Intermediate Filament (IF) C. Microtuble (MT) |
| Phosphorylation | Energized Pi is transferred from one molecule to the next. |
| Tight Junction | *type of cell junction Prevent leakage between animal cells; formed by proteins |
| Microtubule | Thick tube (hollow) of tubulin protein *coiled |
| Desmosome | *type of cell junction Fasten animal cells together; consists of IF |
| Lysosome | Membranous vesicle containing digestive enzymes that break down proteins, fats, nucleic acids, and carbs Found in animal cells enzymes are made by the ER and some vesicles are made by the golgi |
| central Vacuole | 75% of the volume in plant cells. Central vacuole forces organelles to be pushed against plasma membrane |
| central Vacuole functions | involved in the cells water balance, dump site for hazardous wastes which often cells can not excrete. stores sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions not currently needed by the cell. stores blue and purple pigments. |
| Nucleolus | Darkly staining region in the nucleus. one or more per nucleus. consists of ribosomal RNA, proteins, ribosomes and DNA. sire of rRNA and ribosome synthesis. |
| Assorted storage vacuoles | protein storage in seeds. toxin storage in leaves for defense. |
| contractile vacuole#1 | removes excess water from a cell: permanent. found in many fresh water unicellular protists. composed of collecting ducts with a central reservoir and a tube leading to a pore in the plasma membrane. purer water enters a cell through the cell membrane |
| contractile vacuole #2 | the cell would keep taking up more water until it bursts if it didn't have a way to excrete the water |
| ER and Membranes | since ER forms lipids and proteins, it can form membranes. Most membrane synthesized in the ER is for new or replacement ER membrane, but some is used to form Golgi membrane, lysosomes, and the plasma membrane |
| 1600s: Galileo Galilei (Italian Scholar) | arranged 2 glass lenses to form primitive microscope |
| Autophagy | digest defective malfunctioning organelles. the cell identifies these organelles, encloses then in 2 membranes, a lysosome fuses with the vesicle, organelles are digested so the constituent molecule can be reused |
| Diameter of cell growth depends on | surface area: volume. volume increases much faster than surface area. the larger a cell is the lower its surface area: volume. larger cells are elongated or folded to increase their surface area. |
| Cell membranes are important for | transporting food and other molecules in and out. sending and receiving chemical messages for other cells. if the area to volume ratio is too low there is not enough cell membrane and the cell cannot carry on its normal metabolic functions efficiently |
| Golgi Functions | receives transport vesicles from the ER. sorts proteins and lipids received from the ER according to their destination. alters some molecules and makes carbs. packages material into vesicle that are sent to other parts of the cell or plasma membrane. |
| Electron Microscopy | uses electrons instead of light. focuses electrons with magnets instead of lenses |
| 6(5) Kingdom system | Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, protist, fungi, plant, animal. Monera= Eubacteria and Archaebacteria |
| Regulation | Changes in physiological processes of an organism; plastic, temporary. EX: What happens to heart rate when running |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection#1 | within a population individuals vary in traits, each population produces excess offspring, individuals vary in survivorship and reproduction, individuals with traits favored by the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection #2 | if traits are inherited, then favored traits will be passes on to the next generation |
| Development responses | changes in an organisms morphology as it develops things that are permanent |
| Natural selection | the differential survival/ reproduction of individuals due to heritable differences; permanent |
| 8 kingdom system | breaks protists into 3 separate kingdoms |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Single stranded chain of ribose nucleotides, copied from DNA in cell nucleus, carries genetic info from DNA (nucleus) to Ribosomes (cytoplasm and aids protein synthesis) |
| Peptide | Short chain of Amino Acids |
| Cellulose | Linked glucose but orientations "flipped". structural material of plant cell walls; most abundant organic compound of Earth. Difficult to digest (insoluble fiber) |
| Passive Transport | no energy needed *no ATP energy needed. via diffusion |
| Diffusion | movement from greater to lesser concentration; small molecules and water may diffuse |
| Active transport | uses energy to pump molecules across a membrane against a concentration/ electrical gradient |
| Magnification | ratio of the image size to the objects real size; makes an object look bigger |
| Resolution | Clarity; ability of a microscope to differentiate between two objects. **as magnification increases, resolution decreases |
| Gene expression | entire process by which the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product |
| On the origin of species | Decent with modification= evolutionary history Evolutionary mechanism= natural selection |
| Populations adapt | Individuals acclimate, regulate or undergo a developmental response EX: acclimation: change in blood viscosity with temp; tanning of human skin |
| What is a species | similar morphology. potential capability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| Steps to Scientific Method | observation hypothesis prediction test prediction test results |
| proteins Transport | Hemoglobin carries oxygen |
| Water potential | Amount of potential energy in water. combined effect of solute concentration and pressure, measured in mega pascals, similar to pounds per square inch. |
| 1900: abbe (mathematician) and Zeiss (Mechanic) | * first perfect microscope. first to resolve many organelles including mitochondrial and chloroplasts |
| 1930's: electron Microscopes | originally developed by Germany, used electron beam as opposed to light to view images; specimen coated with gold to conduct electricity. resolution up to .2nm=1000x. disadvantage is cells were dead |
| Ribosomes | Small particles of rRNA and proteins involved in protein synthesis. any ribosome can be used to synthesize a protein. Appear as dark granules found free in cytosol, membranes of the nuclear envelope, membranes of endoplasmic reticulum |
| Steroids structure | 4fused rings and functional groups |
| cholesterol | in animal cell membrane. animals produce molting or sex hormones |
| Waxes structure | similar to solid fats |
| waxes functions | used to waterproof plants, fur and insect exoskeletons |
| Phospholipids structure | similar to oil; fatty acid replaces with phosphate |
| Hydrophobic | phosphate group contains a N-containing polar functional group. polar regions faces cell interior and exterior |
| Hydrophobic | fatty acid tail: non- polar |
| hydrogenated oils/ trans fats | hydrogen added to the fatty acid chains binds carbons, breaking the double bonds, turning oil into a solid. *type of triglyceride |
| Lipids | not true polymers; smaller; not macromolecules |
| lipid structure | long regions of Carbon and Hydrogen. hydrophobic: non polar C-C and C-H bonds make lipids non soluble in water |
| Lipid functions | energy storage, waterproof covering for plants and animals, cell membranes, hormones |
| cyclic nucleotides | inter cellular messages. carries info from the plasma membrane to other molecules in the cell. ex: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Non genetic nucleotides |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | double strand of millions of deoxyribose nucleotides. pattern of nucleotides spells out genetic info needed to construct proteins for each organism. Vast majority of DNA does not code for anything |
| non genetic nucleotides (NOT POLYMERS) | not all nucleotides are part of nucleic acids. some exist single in cells or as part of other molecules. |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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