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Topic 3.2
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
| Term or Question | Definition or Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Molecules | Molecules that contain carbon and usually include hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen |
| Inorganic Molecules | Substances that are generally simple and not from biological origin: minerals, metals & salts. They often do not contain carbon Exceptions, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and diamond (C) are consider inorganic molecules. |
| Examples of Organic Molecules | All macromolecules: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, DNA |
| Examples of Inorganic Molecules | Sodium chloride (NaCl), CO2, minerals |
| How can you identify an amino acid? | Contains nitrogen (in an amine group), contains COOH group (carboxyl group), contains R group (which makes each amino acid unique) |
| How can you identify a glucose molecule? | 6 member ring structure with one oxygen in the ring and includes 5 alcohol groups. Includes elements C,H,O and is a carbohydrate |
| How can you identify a ribose molecule? | 5 member ring structure with one oxygen in the ring and includes 4 alcohol groups. Includes elements C,H,O and is a carbohydrate |
| How can you identify a fatty acid? | Contains a COOH (carboxyl group)and a long chain of carbon atoms bonded together surrounded by hydrogen atoms. |
| List 3 examples of a monosaccharide | glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule |
| List 3 examples of a disaccharide | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| Disaccharide | two sugar molecules bonded together |
| List 3 examples of polysaccharides | starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Polysaccharide | many sugar molecules bonded together |
| What is a function of glucose? | chemical fuel for cell respiration |
| What is a function of lactose? | Makes up solutes in milk and is used as energy for animals |
| What is a function of glycogen? | Animals use it to store glucose molecules in the liver and muscles for quick energy |
| What is a function of fructose? | Found in many fruits (makes them sweet) |
| What is a function of sucrose? | Transported from leaves of plants to other locations ins plants by vascular tissue |
| What is a function of starch? | Plants use it to store glucose molecules for energy storage |
| What is a function of cellulose? | One of the primary components of plant cell walls |
| Condensation reactions | Use smaller molecules to create larger molecules and water (monomers + monomers = large molecule + water) |
| Condensation of carbohydrates | Many monosaccharides bond together to form a large carbohydrate and many water molecules |
| Condensation of proteins | Many amino acids bond together to form a protein (polypeptide) and many water molecules |
| Condensation of triglycerides | Three fatty acids react with 1 glycerol molecule to form 1 triglyceride and 3 water molecules. |
| Hydrolysis reactions | Use water to break a large molecule down into smaller molecules (many waters + macromolecule = many monomers) |
| Hydrolysis of carbohydrates | Water added to a large carbohydrate breaks down into many monosaccharides |
| Hydrolysis of proteins | Water added to a protein (polypeptide) breaks down into many amino acids |
| Hydrolysis of triglycerides | 3 water molecules added to a triglyceride produce 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule |
| 3 functions of lipids | Long term energy storage, thermal insulation, makes up cell membranes, cushions organs |
| How are lipids used for energy storage? | Long term energy storage, triglycerides store in fat cells (adipose cells), solid= fats, liquid=oil, triglycerides stored in fat cells (adipose cells), efficient energy storage b/c can store a lot of energy in small area, 2x more energy than carbs |
| How are carbohydrates used for energy storage? | short term energy storage, half the energy of lipids, bulky storage, animals store as glycogen, plants store as starch |
Created by:
kelly.norris
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