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Kaplan Qs
I and I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cefuroxamine, what is it and what is it used for? | second-generation cephalosporin, which can be used to treat lower respiratory infections and urinary tract infections, as well as otitis media and gonorrhea. |
| how does cefuroxamine work? | It inhibits cell wall synthesis of bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, which are transmembrane proteins that produce cross-linkages in peptidoglycan layer. |
| How do aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) work? | They irreversibly bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis |
| How do Lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin) work? | They irreversibly bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Not that macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) reversibly bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome. |
| How do sulfonamides work? | They competitively inhibit Para-aminobenzoic acid (PBA) and so inhibiting folic acid biosynthesis required for bacterial growth |
| S. aureus can evade host immune response by? | 1. Protien A: binds Fc region of Ig 2. IgA protease: enzyme cleaves IgA. 3. Polysaccharide capsules also inhibit phagocytosis |
| MeninGococci ferment? | Maltose and Glucose |
| Gonococci ferment? | Glucose |
| silver stain | fungi, Legionella |
| India ink | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Acid-fast bacteria |
| Giemsa's stain | 1. Borellia 2. Plasmodium 3. trypanosomes 4. Chlamydia |
| aminOglycosides | are ineffective against anaerobes because these antibiotics require Oxygen to enter into bacterial cells. |
| obligate intracellular bacteria | 1. Richettsia 2. Chlamydia *These bugs can't make their own ATP |
| Quelling test | if bacteria have a capsule they will swell when specific anticapsular antisera is added |
| Some Gram + spore forming bacteria include: | Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, C. tetani. Other spore formers include: B. cereus, C. botulinum |
| Beta-hemolytic bacteria include: | 1. S. aureus 2. Strep. pyogenes 3. Strep. agalactiae 4. Listeria monocytogenes |
| Signs of rheumatic fever | 1. Subcutaneous nodules 2. Polyarthritis 3. Erythema marignatum 4. Chorea 5. Carditis |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause what? | Infects prosthetic devices and catheters. It is a component of skin flora; contaminates blood cultures. |
| Lysteria monocytogenes can cause? | 1. amonionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion in pregnant women 2. granulomatous infantiseptica 3. meningitis (in neonates ain immunocompramised) 4. mild gastroenteritis in healthy individuals |
| Actinomyces (looks like a fungus but is actually a gram positive anaerobe) can cause what? | Oral/facial abcesses that may drain through sinus tracts in skin |
| Penicillin G and gram - bugs | Gram-negative outer membrane later inhits the entry of penicillin G and vancomycin. |
| Enterobacteriaceae family include | 1. E. coli 2. Salmonella 3. Shigella 4. Kebsiella 5. Enterobacter 6. Serratia 7. Proteus **They all have a capsule (K antigen), O antigen, flagellar antigen (H antigen), and ferment glucose |
| Klebsiella | Red currant jelly sputum |
| cAMP inducers | 1. V. cholera-activates Gs --> rice water diarrhea 2. Pertussis toxin: permanently disables Gi --> whooping cough 3. E.col- heat-labile toxin 4. Bacillus anthracis- edema factor is itself an adenylate cyclase |
| The Spirochetes include? | 1. Borelia (big size) 2. Leptospira 3. Treponema |
| Lyme disease | "Expanding bull's eye" |
| Lyme disease clinical presentation | "BAKE a Key Lyme pie: Bell's palsy Arthritis (mono- and poly-arthritis) Kardiac block Erythema magrans |
| What do you treat Lyme disease with? | Doxycycline |
| What are the stages of Lyme diseasse? | Stage 1: erythema chonicum migrans, flulike symptoms Stage 2: neurologic and cardiac manifestations Stage 3: chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis |
| Argyll Robertson pupil | Pupil constricts with accommodation but is not reactive to light. Associated with tirtiary syphilis. "Prostitute's pupil, accomodates but does not react." |
| Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol is? | Mycoplasma pneumoniae *These bacteria do not have a cell wall and therefore penicillin is NOT effective against them |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Can cause: lung cavity aspergilloma ("fungus balls"), invasive aspergiliosis (esp. in imm.comp). Mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle. Not dimorphic |
| Toxoplasma gondii: 1. Disease and 2. Treatment? | 1. Disease: brain abcess in HIV patients, birth defects (ring-enhancing brain lesions) 2. Treatment: sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine |
| Segmented viruses include? | "BOAR" 1. Bunyaviruses 2. Orthomyxoviruses 3. Arenaviruses 4. Reovirus |
| Yellow fever | 1. Flavivirus 2. transmitted by Aedes mosquitos 3. Symptoms: high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice 4. Lab: Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions) may be seen in liver |
| PaRaMyxovirus | 1. Parainfluenza (croup) 2. RSV (bronchiolitis in babies; Rx rifavirin) 3. Rubeola (Measles)- rash spread head to toe; Koplik sopts (red with blue-white center) 4. Mumps |
| The most common and second most common couses of UTIs in young, sexually active women are? | 1. E. coli 2. Staph. saprophyticus |
| The two most common causes of nosocomial infections are? | E.coli (UTI) S. aureus (wound infection) |
| Antibiotics that are bacteriostatic? | "ECSTaTiC": Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, and Chloramphenicol |
| Antibiotics that are bactericidal? | "Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder": Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Metronidizole |
| Antipseudomonals are? | "Takes Care of Psuedomonas": Ticarcillin Carbenicillin Piperacillin |
| What do you treat gonorrhea with? | Ceftriaxone |
| Antibiotics that inhibit the 30S ribosome subunit? | Aminoglycosides (bactericidal) streptomycin gentamicin tobramycin amikacin) Tetracyclins (bacteriostatic) |
| Antibiotics that inhibit the 50S ribosome subunit are? | "CCELL": Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin (bacteriostatic) Erythromycin (bacteriostatic) Lincomycin (bacteriostatic) Linezolid (variable) |
| NK cells are activated by what cytokine? | IL-12 (made by B cells and macrophages) |
| What are the chemotactic factors for Neutrophils? | IL-8 (made by macrophages) and C5a |
| What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? | 1. Rash on pals and soles (migrating to wrists, ankles, then trunk). 2. headache 3. fever * endemic to East Coast |
| Palm and sole rash is seen in what conditions? | 1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2. Syphilis 3. Coxsackievirus |
| Difference in rash appearance between rickettsial rash (Rocky Mount. Spot. Fever) and typhus rash (endemic(R. typhi)/epidemic typus (R. prowazekii))? | "Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhus on the Trunk." Rickettsial rash starts on hands and feet vs. typhus rash starts centrally and spreads out. |
| Enzymes that are inhibitors of beta-lactamase and are given in combination with penicillins to create a beta-lactamase resistant combination. | 1. Clavulanic Acid 2. Sulbactam 3. Tazobactam |
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alphaladai
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