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BIO 152 Test 2 Part2
Part 2 Chapter 25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macroevolutionary changes | getting new species and new groups over large time scales (terrestrial vertebrates, photosynthesis, long-term impacts of mass extinctions) |
| Reducing environment | one that favors the formation of chemical bonds (prehistoric) |
| Oxidizing environment | favors the breaking up of chemical bonds (today’s environment) |
| A.I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane | hypothesized that the early atmosphere was a reducing environment |
| Stanley Miller and Harold Urey | conducted lab experiments that showed that abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible |
| Key properties of life | replication and metabolism |
| Protobionts | aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure; exhibit simple reproduction and metabolism and maintain an internal chemical environment; not a living organism but has many characteristics |
| Liposomes | laboratory version of protobions |
| Ribozymes | RNA molecules that have been found to catalyze many different reactions; can make complementary copies of short stretches of their own sequence or other short pieces or RNA |
| Strata | layers where sedimentary rocks are deposited; richest source of fossils; reveals relative ages of fossils |
| Radiometric dating | determines the absolute ages of fossils |
| Half-life | the time required for half the parent isotope to decay |
| Tetrapods | the group of animals mammals belong to |
| Geologic record | divided into the Archaean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic eons |
| Phanerozoic | encompasses multicellular eukaryotic life; divided into three eras 1. Paleozoic 2. Mesozoic 3. Cenozoic |
| Stromatolites | the oldest known fossils; rock-like structures composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment; date back 3.5 billion years ago |
| Prokaryotes | Earth’s sole inhabitants from 3.5 to 2.1 billion years ago |
| O2 | most is of biological origin; produced by oxygenic photosynthesis reacted with dissolved iron and precipitated out to form banded iron formations; 2.7 billion years ago began accumulating in the atmosphere and rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks |
| Oxygen revolution | 2.7 to 2.2 billion years ago; posed a challenge for life, provided opportunity to gain energy from light; allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystems |
| Endosymbiosis | hypothesis that proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells) |
| Endosymbiont | a cell that lives within a host cell |
| Serial endosymbiosis | supposed that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events |
| Oldest known eukaryote fossils | 2.1 billion years ago |
| Oldest known fossils of multicellular eukaryotes | 1.2 billion years ago |
| Snowball Earth | hypothesis suggest that periods of extreme glaciation confined life to the equatorial region or deep-sea vents from 750 to 580 million years ago |
| Ediacaran biota | an assemblage of larger and more diverse soft-bodied organisms that lived from 565 to 535 million years ago |
| Cambrian explosion | refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla in the Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago); provides the first evidence of predator-prey interactions |
| Fungi, plants, and animals | began to colonize land about 500 million years ago |
| Plants and fungi | likely colonized land together by 420 million years ago |
| Arthropods and tetrapods | the most widespread and diverse land animals |
| Tetrapods | evolved from lobe-finned fishes around 365 million years ago |
| Permian extinction | occurred in less than 5 million years and caused the extinction of about 96% of marine animal species; defines the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras |
| Cretaceous mass extinction | 65.5 million years ago, separates the Mesozoic from the Cenozoic; about half of all marine species went extinct and many terrestrial plants and animals including most dinosaurs |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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