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Earthquakes
Earthquakes and how they affect Earth's crust
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| stress | a force that acts on an area of rock to change its shape or volume. |
| tension | a type of stress that pulls on rock, stretching it so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| compression | a type of stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| shearing | a type of stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions |
| normal fault | tension in Earth's crust that pulls rock apart so one block of rock lies above the other |
| hanging wall | a block of rock that lies above another in a normal fault |
| footwall | a block of rock that lies below another in a normal fault |
| reverse fault | rock of the crust is pushed together by compression |
| strike-slip fault | plates move past each other sideways during shearing |
| anticline | a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch |
| syncline | a fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley |
| plateau | a large area of flat land high above sea level caused by forces in Earth's crust that push upward |
| earthquake | the shaking that results from the sudden movement of rock along a fault |
| fault | a break or crack in Earth's lithosphere along which a rock moves |
| focus | the area beneath the surface of the Earth where stressed rock breaks and triggers an earthquake |
| epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus |
| seismic waves | waves of energy that are carried away from the focus through Earth's interior and on the surface |
| P waves | seismic waves that compress and expand the ground and are the first to arrive during an earthquake |
| S waves | secondary seismic waves that vibrate from side to side |
| surface waves | P and S waves that slowly reach the surface |
| magnitude | a number geologists assign to an earthquakes based on its size |
| seismograph | an instrument that records and measures seismic waves |
| seismogram | record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph |
| liquefaction | movement that occurs when an earthquake's violent shaking turns loose soft soil into liquid mud |
| aftershock | an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area |
| tsunami | the water displaced by an earthquake that forms a large wave |
Created by:
lynneweber
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