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chapter 5-6 vocab
science
Term | Definition |
---|---|
thermal energy | is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles that make up material |
temperature | represents the average kinetic energy of the particles that make-up material. the greater the average kinetic energy of the particles the greater the temp. |
heat | is the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object |
radiation | the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves. All matter including the Sun transfers thermal energy by radiation. |
conduction | the transfer of thermal energy between materials by the collisions of particles. Conduction continues until the thermal energy of all particles in contact is equal. |
thermal conductors | material through which thermal energy flows easily. Example: medals |
thermal insulation | material through which thermal energy flow easily. Ex: cloth |
specific heat | amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1 degrees Celsius. All materials have a specific heat. Example: specific heat of water is very high, taking a large amount of energy to increase the te |
thermal contraction | is a decrease in a materials volume when its temperature decreases |
thermal expansion | is a increase in a materials volume when its temperature increases. |
convection | is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another. Only occurs in fluids |
convection currents | movement of fluids in a cycle because of convection. Convection currents circulate the water in Earth's oceans and other bodies of water. This plays an important role in Earth's climates. |
heating appliance | a device that converts electric energy into thermal energy.Examples: curling iron, coffeemakers |
thermostat | a device that regulates the temperature of a system.Example: refrigerator, toasters |
refrigerator | device that uses electric energy to transfer thermal energy from a cooler location to a warmer location. |
heat engine | a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. |
solids | matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume. Particles in a solid are close together (they vibrate back and forth). Types of solids: crystalline solid (ex: diamond) and amorphous solid(ex:charcoal) |
liquid | matter with a definite volume but no definite shape. Liquids can flow and take the shape of their containers. Particles move faster than a solid and in turn move slightly father apart. |
viscosity | a measurement of a liquids resistance to flow. Ex: honey has a high viscosity and water has a low viscosity.*The warmer the liquid the decrease in viscosity |
surface tension | the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid. |
gases | matter that has no definite volume and no definite shape. Particles move even farther apart than solids or liquids.Particles spread out to fill a container. |
vapor | the gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature. |
melting | change of matter from a solid to a liquid. Thermal energy must be added. |
freezing | changed from a liquid state to a solid state |
vaporation | change from a liquid to a gas. |
boiling | vapor ization that occurs within a liquid. |
evaporation | vaporization that occurs only at the surface of a liquid. |
condensation | change of state from a gas to a liquid. |
sublimation | change of state from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state. Ex.Dry ice |
deposition | change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state. |
molecular theory | is an explanation of how particles in matter behave. |
pressure | is the amount of force applied per unit of area. When particles collide with their container, pressure results. |
boyle's law | states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant. |
Charles law | states that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant. |