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Pharm - Anemia
Saba - Basic Sciences - Semester 4 - Pharm - Blk3 - Lect04
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anemia – Definition | This is a deficiency in the Oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes |
| Anemia – Causes | (-) hematopoetic nutritl factors is cause for this condn, as well as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. (-) hematopoetic growth factors also causes as they regulate proliferation and differentiation of progenitor bl cells in bone marrow. |
| Anemia – Causes - Hematopoetic Nutritional Factors (3) | Iron, Vitamin B12 and Folic acid are hematopoetic factors whose deficiencies results in respective types of this condition, along with leukopenia and thrombocyopenia |
| Anemia – Causes - Hematopoetic Nutritional Factors - B12 | This hematopoetic factor is also responsible for cell replication (DNA synthesis) and myelin synthesis, required for neuronal growth. |
| Anemia – Causes - Hematopoetic Growth Factors | These factors include Erythropoetin, Myeloid Growth Factors and Megakaryocyte Growth Factors |
| Anemia – Causes - Hematopoetic Growth Factors - Megakaryocyte Growth Factor | This is also known as IL-11 |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency - Signs & Symptoms (5) | Signs and symptoms of this condition include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, tachycardia. |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency - Microcytic Hypochromic - Causes (4) | This particular type of anemia is d/t Bleeding, Dietary Deficiency, Malabsorption, Increased Fe demands in (pregnancy/lactation) |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency - Treatments | This condition is treated with ferrous salts, either by parenterally and orally |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency -Treatments - Ferrous Salts - Oral - Drug List (3) | This treatment type include Ferrous sulfonate, (20%) Ferrous gluconate (12%), Ferrous fumarate (33%) |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia – Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Oral - Pharmacokinetics | Ferrous forms of treatment for this disease are more easily absorbed than ferric, or in conjunction w/ ascorbic acid. Best taken on an empty stomach. Increased absoprtion in deficiency conditions. Requires 3-6 months to replenish stores. |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia – Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Oral – Adverse Reactions (2) | Adverse reactions to this kind of disease tx include GI upset***: nausea, epigastric discomfort , abdominal cramps, constipation and diarrhea (better to administer w/ food, altho this reduce absorption), and Black stool d/t iron color. |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency -Treatments - Ferrous Salts - Parenteral - Drug List (3) | This treatment type include iron dextran (MC - IM, or IV), sucrose & sodium gluconate complexes |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency - Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Parenteral Iron Therapy – Indications (3) | This treatment is indicated for patients who are unable to tolerate oral preparations d/t ADR or lack of absorption, or if they have sustained extensive, chronic blood loss. |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency -Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Parenteral Iron Therapy – Adverse Effects (5) | Adverse effects of this drug incl 1)HSRs: bronchospasm, urticaria & anaphylaxis (test dose reqd), 2) Pain, inflammn @ injectn site, 3) Browning of skin by IM inj (use Z-track), and 4) Fever, arthralgia, nausea, vomiting, flushing, and 5) toxicity possible |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency -Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Adverse Effects - Acute Iron Toxicity (4) | This condition can occur in tx of anemia, R/I 1) Necrotizing gastroenteritis, 2) Vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea, 3) Shock, lethargy, dyspnea, 4)Metabolic acidosis, coma and death, particularly in children |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency -Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Adverse Effects - Acute Iron Toxicity - Antidotes | This condition is treated w 1)supportive therapy for GI bleeding, metabolic acidosis and shock (sodium bicarbonate), 2)Whole bowel irrigation to flush out unabsorbed pills, and 3) Deferoxamine – (NOT activated charcoal) |
| Anemia – Iron Deficiency - Treatments - Ferrous Salts – Adverse Effects - Acute Iron Toxicity - Antidotes - Deferoxamine | This antidote for iron toxicity is a chelating agent: Increases Iron excretion. |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Causes | This type of anemia results from deficiency in Folic acid or Vitamin B12. Supplementation of either can be used to tx. |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - B12 Deficiency - Effects | This condition results in methylfoltate trap that manifests as neurological problems (lack of myelin d/t lack of methionine |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - B12 Deficiency - Effects - Methylfolate Trap | This defic state d/t the decreased conversion of N-methyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and its cofactors lead to (-) DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. NMTHF accummulates, and reduced methionine synthesis leads to neurological problems |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Folic Acid – Indications (3) | This anemia tx is indicated in cases of 1) Dietary deficiency, 2) decreased absorption, or 3) prophylactially During pregnancy to prevent anemia & neural tube defects (spina bifida). |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Vitamin B12 – Preparations (2) | Types of this Tx include cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin. 100-1000 micrograms - daily for 1-2weeks initially, once in month by IM inj for lifelong. |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Vitamin B12 – Preparations - Hydroxocobalamin | This form of B12 is preferred for tx. It is highly pr- bound and remains in circulation for longer time. |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Vitamin B12 – Indications (2) | This anemia tx is indicated in cases of 1) Dietary deficiency & malabsorption*, and 2) Pernicious anemia |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Vitamin B12 – Indications - Pernicious Anemia | This condition results from a deficiency of intrinsic factor secretion by the gastric mucosal cells |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Vitamin B12 – Misdiagnosis | If this condition is misdiagnosed and treated with folic acid instead, all but the neurological symptoms will be corrected |
| Anemia - Megaloblastic - Tx - Vitamin B12 – Deficiency – Neurological Problems | Administration of Folic acid in the setting of Vitamin B12 deficiency will not prevent Neurologic manifestations even though it will largely correct the anemia caused by the Vitamin B12 deficiency. |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs | Treatments for anemias d/t hematopoetic growth factor deficiencies include epoetin, and recombinant myeloid and megakaryocyte growth factors (RMGF, RMkGF) |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - Epoetin | This is a recombinant human erythropoeitin that stimulates erythroid proliferation & differentiation. IV/IM inj. It is banned by the IOC for improving oxygen carrying capacity. |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - Epoetin - Indications | This tx is used in anemias d/t 1) renal failure, 2) primary bone marrow disorders, 3) chemo-induced, 4) zidovudine-induced |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMGFs - drug list (2) | This type of anemia tx includes Filgrastim (better tolerated and MC used), and Sargramostim |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMGFs - Filgrastim, | This is a recombinant human granulocyte CSF that stimulates the proliferation and differentials of neutrophil progenitors |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMGFs- Filgrastim - Adverse Effects | This drug for anemia induces bone pain |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMGFs - Sargramostim | This is a recombinant human granulocyte - macrophage CSF that stimulates the proliferation and differentials of granulocyte, erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitors |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMGFs - Sargramostim - Adverse Effects | This drug for anemia induces bone pain, as well as Fever, malaise, arthralgia, capillary leak, peripheral edema, pleural or pericardial effusions, particular to rGM-CSF |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMGFs - Indications | These drugs are indicated in the tx of 1) neutropenia d/t cancer chemo (reduces febrile neutropenia and reqmt of antibiotics, 2) congenital neutropenia and 3) autologous stem cell transplant |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMKGFs - Drug List | Oprelvekin is this class of drugs, used in the treatment of anemia |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMKGFs - Oprelvekin - Effects | This recombinant form of IL-11 works b/c it 1) stimulates growth of multiple lymphoid and myeloid cells, as well as megakaryocyte progenitors, increasing the number of neutrophils and platelets |
| Anemia - Growth Factor Def - Txs - RMKGFs - Oprelvekin - indications | This drug is indicated in the prevention of thrombocytopenia induced by cytotoxic chemo |
Created by:
mprentic12
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