Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Mineral Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| parallel growth | series of crystals with their crystallographic axes and faces parallel |
| epitaxial growth | when two different crystalline substances show a non-random overgrowth |
| twinning | symmetrical intergrowth of two or more crystals of the same substance |
| contact twin | individuals in contact with each other along a twin plane |
| penetration twin | irregular compositional surface & twin law usually defined by a twin axis direction |
| isostructuralism | same structure, different chemistry. ex: halite and galena |
| polymorphism | same chemistry, different structures (dealing with temperature/ pressure changes) |
| reconstructive polymorphism | diamond & graphite. both made of carbon, but different amounts of pressure were added when they formed |
| displacive polymorphism | temperature changes |
| order-disorder polymorphism | very common in metals (k-feldspar (cd)) |
| polytypism | special type of polymorphism occurs when 2 polymorphs differ only in the stacking of identical, 2-dimensional sheets or layers (cd) |
| metamict minerals | form as a crystalline solid but their crystal structure has been destroyed by radiation. ex: uraninite breaks down to glass "pitchblende" |
| mineraloid (noncrystalline minerals) | no long-range order in structure. ex: opal |
| pseudomorphism | "false form" existence of a mineral with the outward crystal form of another mineral species |
| substitutional pseudomorphism | gradual removal of original material and simultaneous replacement of it by another with no chemical reaction between the 2 |
| encrustation pseudomorphism | one mineral deposited over another. ex: quartz over fluorite |
| alteration pseudomorphism | chemical change. use some of the chemistry, introduce something new and kick something else out |
| growth twins | result of the emplacement of atoms, or ions on the outside of a growing crystal in an interrupted arrangement (accidents of growth) |
| transformation twins | occurs in preexisting crystals and represent secondary twinning (heat) |
| deformation | pressure causes layers in structure to glide to new positions. ex: calcite twinning |
| matter | anythings that has mass and occupies space. gas, liquid, solid |
| atom | smallest subdivision of matter that retains the characteristics of the element |
| anion | gains electrons and is negative in charge |
| cation | lose electrons and is positive in charge |
| ionization potential | the amount of energy necessary to remove electrons |
| electronegativity | measure of the ability of an atom in a crystal structure of molecule to attract electrons to its outer shell |
| interstitial solid solution | ions fitting intro structural voids. ex: water softener |
| omission solid solution | higher charged cation substituting for lower charged one (open/ vacant site) |
| coupled solid solution | charge must be the same on both side of the equation |
| phase | a homogeneous substance with a well defined set of physical and chemical properties |
| phase diagram | represents stability ranges of phases (gas, liquid, solid) under variable external conditions |
| component | minimum number of chemical species needed to define the range of phase compositions in the system |
| triple point | where the 3 lines meet; no degrees of variation |
| acicular | slender, needle-like crystals |
| capillary | hair like or threadlike crystals |
| bladed | elongated crystals flattened like a knife blade |
| dendritic | arborescent, in slender divergent branches |
| reticulated | lattice like groups of slender crystals |
| divergent/ radiated | radiating crystal group |
| drusy | surface covered with a layer of small crystals |
| columnar | stout, column like individuals |
| fibrous | an aggregate of many flattened blades |
| stellated | radiating individuals forming star-like or circular groups |
| globular | radiating individuals forming small spherical or hemispherical groups |
| botryoidal | globular forms resembling "bunches of grapes" |
| reniform | radiating individuals terminating in round kidney-shaped masses |
| mammillary | large rounded masses resembling mammae, formed by radiating individuals |
| colloform | spherical forms composed of radiating individuals without regard to size |
| foliated | easily separable into plates or leaves |
| micaceous | similar to foliated but splits into exceedingly thin sheets |
| lamellar/ tabular | flat, plate like individuals superimposed upon each other |
| plumose | feather-like structure |
| granular | mineral aggregate composed of equant grains |
| concentric | spherical layers superimposed upon one another about a common center |
| pisolitic | rounded masses about the size of peas |
| oolitic | aggregate formed of small spheres |
| cleavage | tendency of a mineral to break parallel to atomic planes |
| parting | breakage along planes of structural weakness. result from pressure, twinning or exsolution |
| fracture | some crystal structures have equal bond strength on all directions, therefore crystalline mineral breaks: conchoidal fracture, fibrous (splintery), hackley (jaagged), or uneven |
| relative density | ratio of the weight of a substance and the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees C |
| Z | number of formula units/ unit cell |
| M | molecular weight of substance |
| N | avogadros number |
| V | volume of unit cell |
| Density = | (ZxM)/(NxV) |
Created by:
1357915501
Popular Earth Science sets