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RENR 375
Ch 8 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much of the Earth is covered with water | 71% |
| How much of your body is covered made of water | 60% |
| ____ plays a key role in 1. Sculpting the earth, 2. moderating the climate, 3. removing pollutants | Water |
| Water is one our most ______ managed resources | Poorly |
| What % of the earths water supply is drinkable. | .024% |
| The ____ cycle is the process of freshwater continually being collected, purified and recycled | Hydrologic |
| We interfere with the _________ _______ when we cut down forests and destroy wetlands | Hydrologic Cycle |
| Canada has ___ percent of the worlds population and ___ percent of the worlds fresh water | 5%, 20% |
| China has _____ percent of the worlds population and ____ percent of the worlds fresh water supply | 19%, 7% |
| _______ is water that seeps into the ground and percolated downward through spaces in soil and gravel | Groundwater |
| The ______ ___ _____ is the point where below that depth the spaces are completely filled with water | Zone of Saturation |
| The top of the one of Saturation is known as the ______ | Water Table |
| The water table _____ in dry weather when we remove more groundwater faster than nature can replace it | Falls |
| A geological layer with underground caverns and porous layer of san, gravel and rock through which groundwater flows are known as | Aquifers |
| Most aquifers replenish naturally through _______ that perculates downward through soil and rock. | Precipitation |
| The process of aquifer replenishing through precipitation is known as __________ | Natural recharge |
| Aquifer replenishing from lakes, rivers and streams is know as | Lateral recharge |
| _______ Aquifers get little if any recharge | Nonrenewable |
| The freshwater from precipitation, melted snow that flows across the earths land surface into lakes, wetlands, streams and rivers is know as _____ | surface Water |
| Precipitation that does not go into the ground or return to the atmosphere is called | Surface Runoff |
| The land from which surface water drains into a river, lake or wetland is known as | Watershed or Drainage basin |
| A scientist who studies the nature, distribution and movement of water is known as | Hydrologists |
| 2/3 of all surface runoff is lost in ______ | Season Floods |
| 1/3 of water that is not lost in runoff is known as | Reliable Surface Runoff |
| ______ percentage of the worlds reliable runoff is used each year | 34% |
| In the arid southwest US what percentage of reliable runoff is used each year | 70% |
| By 2025 what % of reliable runoff will be use | 90% |
| How much of the reliable runoff do we actually use each year for crops and livestock | 70% |
| How much of the reliable runoff does Industry use | 20% |
| How much of the reliable runoff do cities and residences use | 10% |
| In the Eastern US most of the water is used for | Power plant cooling and manufacturing |
| In the Easter US the most serious water problems are | Flooding and pollution |
| In the Western part of the US up to 85% of the water is used for | Irrigation |
| Areas that have scarce water sources for growing urban areas, irrigation, recreation and wildlife are known as | Water Hotspots |
| From 1975 to 2005 the amount of water used in the US has _____ | stayed the same |
| A prolonged period in which precipitation is at least 70% lower and evaporation is higher than normal is known as | Drought |
| What percentage of the earths land surface is currently experiencing extreme drought | 30% |
| One in every _____ people in the world lack regular access to clean water for drinking, cooking and washing | seven |
| Most of the water in Africa comes from 3 river basins: the Nile, Jordan and ________ | Tigris-Euphrates |
| How many countries does the Nile river flow through | 7 |
| What 3 countries use most of the water from the Nile river? | Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt |
| Where in line is Egypt in the Nile river water system | Last |
| What river in Africa runs in the most water short region | Jordan |
| What countries fight for the water of the Jordan | Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Israel |
| Which country threatens to dam the Jordan river preventing water flow to Jordan and Israel | Syria |
| Which country controls the flow of the Tigris Euphrates River | Turkey |
| What type of water source provides drinking water to half the worlds population | Aquifers |
| In the US groundwater is being withdrawn from aquifers ______ faster than it is replenished | 4 times |
| What is the name of the worlds largest aquifer | Ogallala |
| Ogallala is located under _________ | 8 midwestern states |
| Overpumping aquifers has caused the sand and rock in aquifers to collapse causing the land above to ______- | subside (Land subsidence) |
| Groundwater overdrafts near costal areas can pull _______ into freshwater aquifers. | Saltwater |
| With global water shortages, scientists are evaluating __________ as future water sources | Deep aquifers |
| The quality of deep aquifers is _____ quality than water in rivers and lakes | higer |
| Deep aquifers ________ be replenished | Can Not |
| ______ is known about geological effects of deep aquifer tapping | Little |
| Deep water aquifers could lead to _____ _____ between countries | Water Wars |
| What are the 3 drawbacks of deep aquifers | Nonrenewable, Little known, Water Wars |
| Dans and reservoirs are used to ___________ | control floods, generate electricity, supply water for irrigation |
| Hydro-electirc dams produce ____ of the the wolds electricity | 20% |
| All of the land covered by water due to dams is equivalent to the size of _____ | California |
| the 4 drawbacks of dams are: | 80million displaced people, water covers useful land, freshwater fish extinct, and rivers don't run freely |
| How many of the 177 longest rivers on the planet run freely | 21 |
| To deliver nutrients to the sea, Deposit silt to maintain deltas, purify water, renourish wetlands and provide habitat are all services of ________ | Rivers |
| One of the worlds largest water transfer projects is the combination of the California Water Project and the | Central Arizona Project |
| _______ consumes 3/4 of the water withdrawn in California | Agriculture |
| READ THE ARAL SEA DISASTER IN CH 8 | READ THE ARAL SEA DISASTER IN CH 8 |
| Removing disolved salts from ocean water is known as | Desalination |
| Slightly salty water is know as ______ water | Brackish |
| The process of desalination by boiling water and leaving behind salt is known as | Distillation |
| THe process of using high pressure to force salt water through a membrane to desalinate the water is known as | Reverse Osmosis |
| High cost, killing of marine organisms and huge quantities of salty waste water are all drawbacks of _______ | Desalination |
| 2/3 of the water used in the world is __________ through evaporation, leaks and other losses | Wasted |
| __________ is the largest user of water and 1/2 of all that water is wasted. | THe US |
| It is feasible to reduce water waste to _______, meeting the world's water needs | 15% |
| A major cause of water waste is __________ | Low cost |
| By heavily _______ water, governments give out the false message that water is abundant and can be wasted | Subsidizing |
| ________ encourages water conservation but makes it difficult for low income farmers to buy enough water to meet their needs | High water prices |
| The second major cause of water waste is lack of ____________ for improving the efficiency of water use. | Government subsidies |
| What % of the water used for irrigation does not even reach the crops? | 60% |
| The process of removing water from well or water source, allowing it to flow by gravity through unlined ditches is called | Flood Irrigation |
| Irrigation which causes pumps to spray water on a crop allowing 80% of the water to reach the crop is known as _______ irrigation | Center Pivot or low pressure sprinkler |
| Drip irrigation, also known as _______, is the most efficient way to deliver small amounts of water precisely to crops | Microirrigation |
| An important way to reduce flooding is to preserve ___________ and restore_________ | Existing wetlands, degraded wetlands |
| Any change in water quality that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for human use is known as____ | Water pollution |
| The first major type of water pollution that discharges pollutants directly into bodies of surface water at specific locations are known as | Point sources |
| The second major type of water pollution that is broad and diffuses pollutants off of large areas such as crop lands is called | Non-point sources |
| ___________ are the leading causes of water pollution | Agricultural Activities |
| The second major source of water pollution is __________ which emit a variety of harmful inorganic and organic chemicals into the water supply | Industrial facilities. |
| THe third biggest source of water pollution is _______ causing major erosion of soils and runoff of toxic chemicals | Mining |
| Water pollutants speed up the spread of _________ among people who have to drink contaminated water | Infectious disease |
| The World Health Organization predicts that 1.6 million people _____ from waterborne infectious disease | Die |
| Diarrhea alone, caused mostly be exposure to polluted water, on average kills _________ every 18 seconds | a child |
| In flowing streams, the breakdown of biodegradable waste by bacteria consumes oxygen creating | Oxygen Sag Curve |
| Flowing rivers ________ recover rapidly from moderate levels of degradable waste as long as the river is no overloaded | Can |
| According to the Wold Commission on Water, more than half of the 500 major rivers are | Heavily Polluted |
| Polluted waterways occur in less developed countries because the government can not afford to build _________ | Waste Water Treatment Plants |
| In ____________ most cities dump 80-90% of sewage into streams. | Less developed countries |
| The first reason lakes and reservoirs are less effective at diluting pollutants is because lakes contain __________ that undergo very little vertical mixing. | Stratified Layers |
| The second major reasons that Lakes and Reservoirs are not good at diluting pollutants is because they have little to no _______ | Flow |
| Lakes and Reservoirs are __________ (more/Less) vulnerable than streams to contamination by runoff or plant discharge | MORE |
| Lakes and reservoirs are subject to ____________ the natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow moving steam by the runoff of nitrates from surrounding land | Eutrophication |
| In urban or agricultural areas, human activities can greatly accelerate the input of plant nutrients called | Cultural Eutrophication |
| During hot weather the nutrient overgrowth (eutrophication) can cause ________ or sudden dense growth of organisms like algae and cyanobacteria. | Blooms |
| When these Blooms die off, the algae bacteria which degrades the algae deplete the water of much needed _________ | Oxygen |
| The most expensive way to reduce cultural eutrophication |
Created by:
Bright265
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