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RENR 375

Ch 8 Review

QuestionAnswer
How much of the Earth is covered with water 71%
How much of your body is covered made of water 60%
____ plays a key role in 1. Sculpting the earth, 2. moderating the climate, 3. removing pollutants Water
Water is one our most ______ managed resources Poorly
What % of the earths water supply is drinkable. .024%
The ____ cycle is the process of freshwater continually being collected, purified and recycled Hydrologic
We interfere with the _________ _______ when we cut down forests and destroy wetlands Hydrologic Cycle
Canada has ___ percent of the worlds population and ___ percent of the worlds fresh water 5%, 20%
China has _____ percent of the worlds population and ____ percent of the worlds fresh water supply 19%, 7%
_______ is water that seeps into the ground and percolated downward through spaces in soil and gravel Groundwater
The ______ ___ _____ is the point where below that depth the spaces are completely filled with water Zone of Saturation
The top of the one of Saturation is known as the ______ Water Table
The water table _____ in dry weather when we remove more groundwater faster than nature can replace it Falls
A geological layer with underground caverns and porous layer of san, gravel and rock through which groundwater flows are known as Aquifers
Most aquifers replenish naturally through _______ that perculates downward through soil and rock. Precipitation
The process of aquifer replenishing through precipitation is known as __________ Natural recharge
Aquifer replenishing from lakes, rivers and streams is know as Lateral recharge
_______ Aquifers get little if any recharge Nonrenewable
The freshwater from precipitation, melted snow that flows across the earths land surface into lakes, wetlands, streams and rivers is know as _____ surface Water
Precipitation that does not go into the ground or return to the atmosphere is called Surface Runoff
The land from which surface water drains into a river, lake or wetland is known as Watershed or Drainage basin
A scientist who studies the nature, distribution and movement of water is known as Hydrologists
2/3 of all surface runoff is lost in ______ Season Floods
1/3 of water that is not lost in runoff is known as Reliable Surface Runoff
______ percentage of the worlds reliable runoff is used each year 34%
In the arid southwest US what percentage of reliable runoff is used each year 70%
By 2025 what % of reliable runoff will be use 90%
How much of the reliable runoff do we actually use each year for crops and livestock 70%
How much of the reliable runoff does Industry use 20%
How much of the reliable runoff do cities and residences use 10%
In the Eastern US most of the water is used for Power plant cooling and manufacturing
In the Easter US the most serious water problems are Flooding and pollution
In the Western part of the US up to 85% of the water is used for Irrigation
Areas that have scarce water sources for growing urban areas, irrigation, recreation and wildlife are known as Water Hotspots
From 1975 to 2005 the amount of water used in the US has _____ stayed the same
A prolonged period in which precipitation is at least 70% lower and evaporation is higher than normal is known as Drought
What percentage of the earths land surface is currently experiencing extreme drought 30%
One in every _____ people in the world lack regular access to clean water for drinking, cooking and washing seven
Most of the water in Africa comes from 3 river basins: the Nile, Jordan and ________ Tigris-Euphrates
How many countries does the Nile river flow through 7
What 3 countries use most of the water from the Nile river? Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt
Where in line is Egypt in the Nile river water system Last
What river in Africa runs in the most water short region Jordan
What countries fight for the water of the Jordan Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Israel
Which country threatens to dam the Jordan river preventing water flow to Jordan and Israel Syria
Which country controls the flow of the Tigris Euphrates River Turkey
What type of water source provides drinking water to half the worlds population Aquifers
In the US groundwater is being withdrawn from aquifers ______ faster than it is replenished 4 times
What is the name of the worlds largest aquifer Ogallala
Ogallala is located under _________ 8 midwestern states
Overpumping aquifers has caused the sand and rock in aquifers to collapse causing the land above to ______- subside (Land subsidence)
Groundwater overdrafts near costal areas can pull _______ into freshwater aquifers. Saltwater
With global water shortages, scientists are evaluating __________ as future water sources Deep aquifers
The quality of deep aquifers is _____ quality than water in rivers and lakes higer
Deep aquifers ________ be replenished Can Not
______ is known about geological effects of deep aquifer tapping Little
Deep water aquifers could lead to _____ _____ between countries Water Wars
What are the 3 drawbacks of deep aquifers Nonrenewable, Little known, Water Wars
Dans and reservoirs are used to ___________ control floods, generate electricity, supply water for irrigation
Hydro-electirc dams produce ____ of the the wolds electricity 20%
All of the land covered by water due to dams is equivalent to the size of _____ California
the 4 drawbacks of dams are: 80million displaced people, water covers useful land, freshwater fish extinct, and rivers don't run freely
How many of the 177 longest rivers on the planet run freely 21
To deliver nutrients to the sea, Deposit silt to maintain deltas, purify water, renourish wetlands and provide habitat are all services of ________ Rivers
One of the worlds largest water transfer projects is the combination of the California Water Project and the Central Arizona Project
_______ consumes 3/4 of the water withdrawn in California Agriculture
READ THE ARAL SEA DISASTER IN CH 8 READ THE ARAL SEA DISASTER IN CH 8
Removing disolved salts from ocean water is known as Desalination
Slightly salty water is know as ______ water Brackish
The process of desalination by boiling water and leaving behind salt is known as Distillation
THe process of using high pressure to force salt water through a membrane to desalinate the water is known as Reverse Osmosis
High cost, killing of marine organisms and huge quantities of salty waste water are all drawbacks of _______ Desalination
2/3 of the water used in the world is __________ through evaporation, leaks and other losses Wasted
__________ is the largest user of water and 1/2 of all that water is wasted. THe US
It is feasible to reduce water waste to _______, meeting the world's water needs 15%
A major cause of water waste is __________ Low cost
By heavily _______ water, governments give out the false message that water is abundant and can be wasted Subsidizing
________ encourages water conservation but makes it difficult for low income farmers to buy enough water to meet their needs High water prices
The second major cause of water waste is lack of ____________ for improving the efficiency of water use. Government subsidies
What % of the water used for irrigation does not even reach the crops? 60%
The process of removing water from well or water source, allowing it to flow by gravity through unlined ditches is called Flood Irrigation
Irrigation which causes pumps to spray water on a crop allowing 80% of the water to reach the crop is known as _______ irrigation Center Pivot or low pressure sprinkler
Drip irrigation, also known as _______, is the most efficient way to deliver small amounts of water precisely to crops Microirrigation
An important way to reduce flooding is to preserve ___________ and restore_________ Existing wetlands, degraded wetlands
Any change in water quality that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for human use is known as____ Water pollution
The first major type of water pollution that discharges pollutants directly into bodies of surface water at specific locations are known as Point sources
The second major type of water pollution that is broad and diffuses pollutants off of large areas such as crop lands is called Non-point sources
___________ are the leading causes of water pollution Agricultural Activities
The second major source of water pollution is __________ which emit a variety of harmful inorganic and organic chemicals into the water supply Industrial facilities.
THe third biggest source of water pollution is _______ causing major erosion of soils and runoff of toxic chemicals Mining
Water pollutants speed up the spread of _________ among people who have to drink contaminated water Infectious disease
The World Health Organization predicts that 1.6 million people _____ from waterborne infectious disease Die
Diarrhea alone, caused mostly be exposure to polluted water, on average kills _________ every 18 seconds a child
In flowing streams, the breakdown of biodegradable waste by bacteria consumes oxygen creating Oxygen Sag Curve
Flowing rivers ________ recover rapidly from moderate levels of degradable waste as long as the river is no overloaded Can
According to the Wold Commission on Water, more than half of the 500 major rivers are Heavily Polluted
Polluted waterways occur in less developed countries because the government can not afford to build _________ Waste Water Treatment Plants
In ____________ most cities dump 80-90% of sewage into streams. Less developed countries
The first reason lakes and reservoirs are less effective at diluting pollutants is because lakes contain __________ that undergo very little vertical mixing. Stratified Layers
The second major reasons that Lakes and Reservoirs are not good at diluting pollutants is because they have little to no _______ Flow
Lakes and Reservoirs are __________ (more/Less) vulnerable than streams to contamination by runoff or plant discharge MORE
Lakes and reservoirs are subject to ____________ the natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow moving steam by the runoff of nitrates from surrounding land Eutrophication
In urban or agricultural areas, human activities can greatly accelerate the input of plant nutrients called Cultural Eutrophication
During hot weather the nutrient overgrowth (eutrophication) can cause ________ or sudden dense growth of organisms like algae and cyanobacteria. Blooms
When these Blooms die off, the algae bacteria which degrades the algae deplete the water of much needed _________ Oxygen
The most expensive way to reduce cultural eutrophication
Created by: Bright265
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