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Chapter 12
Genes: Structure, Replication, and Expression
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anticodon | base triplet on a tRNA that is complementary to the triplet codon on mRNA |
| codon | sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that directs the incorporation of an amino acid during protein synthesis |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that synthesizes new DNA using a parental nucleic acid strand as a template |
| gene | DNA segment or sequence that codes for a polypeptude, rRNA, or tRNA |
| genome | full sets of genes present in cell or virus |
| lagging strand | strand of DNA that is discontinously synthesized by the formation of short Okazaki fragments |
| leader sequence | sequence in a gene that corresponds to a nontranslated region at the 5' end of mRNA |
| molecular chaperones | proteins that assist in the folding and stabilization of other proteins or in directing newly synthesized proteins |
| Okazaki fragments | short stretches of polynucleotides produce during discontinous DNA replication |
| peptidyl transferase | rRNA ribozyme that catalyzes the addition of an amino acid to the growing peptide chain during translation |
| promoter | region on DNA at the start of a gene to which RNA polymerase binds before beginning transcription |
| reading frame | way in which nucleotides in DNA and mRNA are grouped into codons for reading the message in nucleotide sequence |
| replication | process by which an exact copy of parental nucleic acid is made with the parental molecule serving as a template |
| replication fork | Y-shaped structure where DNA is replicated; the arms of the Y contain the template strand and newly synthesized DNA copy |
| replicon | unit of the genome that contains an origin of replication and in which DNA is replicated |
| replisome | complex of proteins that replicates DNA and assembles at the origin or replication |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA under the direction of a template |
| Shine Dalgarno sequence | segment in the leader of bacterial and some archael mRNA that binds to a sequence on the 16S rRNA of the small ribosomal unit |
| sigma factor | protein that enables bacterial RNA polymerase core enzyme to recognize promoter |
| stop codon | codon that does not code for an amino acid but is signal to stop protein synthesis; nonsense codon |
| template strand | DNA strand that specifies the base sequence of a new complementary strand of DNA or RNA |
| terminator | sequence that marks the end of a gene and stops transcription |
| transcription | process by which single stranded RNA with a base sequence complementary to the template strand of DNA is synthesized |
| translation | process by which the genetic massage carried by mRNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides with the aid of ribosomes |
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