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Chapter 9
Introduction to Metabolism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| activation energy | energy required to bring reacting molecules together to reach transition state in chemical reaction |
| active site | part of an enzyme that binds the substrate to form an enzyme substrate complex and catalyze the reaction (catalytic site) |
| allosteric enzyme | enzyme whose activity is altered by noncovalent binding of a small effector molecule at a regularatory separate from the catalytic site |
| anabolism | synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules with the input of energy |
| apoenzyme | protein part of an enzyme that also has a nonprotein component |
| catabolism | breakdown of larger more complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules with the release of energy |
| catalyst | substance that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed itself |
| coenzyme | loosely bound cofactor that often dissociates from the enzyme active site after product has been formed |
| denaturation | change in protein shape that destroys the proteins activity; change nucleic acid structure |
| electron transport chain (ETC) | series of electron carriers that operate together to transfer electrons from donors to acceptors such as oxygen; ETS |
| endergonic reation | reaction that does not spontaneously go to completion; standard free energy is positive (G); equilibrium constant is less than one |
| entropy | measure of randomness or disorder of a system |
| enyme | protein catalyst with specificity for both the reaction catalyzed and its substrate |
| equilibrium | state of system in which no net change is occurring and free energy is at a minimum; the rates forward and reverse direction are equal |
| exergonic reation | reaction that spontaneously goes to completion; negative standard free energy change (G), equilibrium constant is greater than one |
| feedback inhibition | regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a biochemical pathway inhibits the activity of one of the pathway's enzymes |
| free energy change | total energy change in s system that is available to do useful work as the system goes from its initial state to final state at constant temperature and pressure |
| holoenzyme | complete enzyme, including any nonprotein components |
| metabolism | total of all chemical chemical reactions carried out by a cell |
| Michaelis constant (Km) | kinetic constant for an enzyme reaction that equals the substrate concentration required for the enzyme to operate at half-max velocity |
| prosthetic group | cofactor that is tightly attached to an apoenzyme |
| reducing power | molecules like NADH and NADPH that store electrons until they are used in anabolic reactions |
| reversible covalent modification | mechanism of enzyme regulation in which the enzyme's activity is altered by the reversible covalent addition of a chemical group such as phosphate |
| standard reduction potential | measure of the tendency of a chemical to lose electrons in an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction |
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