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Bio12 Cell Structure
SLS Bio 12 Cell Structure Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Membrane | a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents. |
| Cell Wall | The rigid outermost cell layer found in plants and certain algae, bacteria, and fungi but characteristically absent from animal cells. |
| Cellular Respiration | A series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic substance (e.g. glucose) and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell. |
| Chloroplast | Chlorophyll-containing plastid found within the cells of plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes. |
| Chromatin | A complex of nucleic acids (e.g. DNA or RNA) and proteins (histones), which condenses to form a chromosome during cell division. |
| Chromosome | A structure within the cell that bears the genetic material as a threadlike linear strand of DNA bonded to various proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or as a circular strand of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) |
| Cristae | The infoldings or inward projections of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, which are studded with proteins and increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur like cellular respiration. |
| Cytoplasm | In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is that part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that contains the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, but not including the nucleus. |
| Cytoskeleton | The lattice or internal framework of a cell composed of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm, and has a role in controlling cell shape, maintaining intracellular organization, and in cell movement. |
| Golgi bodies | involved in glycosylation (i.e. adding carbohydrate to a protein), packaging of molecules like proteins into vesicles for secretion, transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes |
| Lysosome | Organelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used primarily for digestion and removal of excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. |
| Matrix | ground substance in which things are embedded or that fills a space (as for example the space within the mitochondrion). most common usage is for a loose meshwork within which cells are embedded |
| Mitochondria | Spherical or rod-shaped organelles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, and are referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell since they act as the site for the production of high-energy compounds |
| Nuclear envelope | The double-layered membrane that envelopes the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the contents of the nucleus from the (cytoplasm). |
| Nuclear Pore | Any of the many perforations on the nucleus as a result of the assembly of nucleoporins that span the nuclear envelope |
| Nucleolus | he round granular structure within the nucleus of a cell, and composed of protein and RNA. |
| Nucleus | The large, membrane-bounded organelle that contains the genetic material, in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes. |
| Organelle | Literally, the term means "little organs". As the body is composed of various organs, the cell, too, has "little organs" that perform special functions. They are membrane-bound compartments or structures of a cell |
| Polysome | Polyribosomes (or polysomes) also known as ergosomes are a cluster of ribosomes, bound to a mRNA molecule |
| Ribosome | A minute particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that serves as the site of protein synthesis. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a eukaryotic organelle made up of a system of membranous tubes and sacs, that is studded with ribosomes on its surface giving it a rough appearance under the microscope (hence its name). |
| Smooth ER | endoplasmic reticulum that is tubular in form (rather than sheet-like) and lacks ribosomes. Its functions include lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell whose function includes intracellular secretion, excretion, storage, and digestion. |
| Vesicle | A bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products, and digests metabolic wastes within the cell; an intracellular membranous sac that is separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. |
Created by:
Kmutter
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