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Z - Micro 08
Micro 08
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Penicillin G mechanism | penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bactericidal. Still works on Strep pneumoniae. Suscept |
| Ampicillin mechanism | Penicillin with more G- coverage. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bactericidal. Can st |
| Amoxicillin mechanism | Penicillin with more G- coverage. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bactericidal. Can st |
| Methicillin mechanism | Penicillin that is resistant to β-lactamase. IV. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bacter |
| Why is methicillin not used anymore? What to use instead? | Causes interstitial nephritis. Use nafcillin and oxacillin instead. |
| Nafcillin mechanism | Penicillin that is resistant to β-lactamase. IV. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bacter |
| Oxacillin mechanism | Penicillin that is resistant to β-lactamase. IV. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bacter |
| Cloxacillin mechanism | Penicillin that is resistant to β-lactamase. Oral. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bact |
| Dicloxacillin mechanism | Penicillin that is resistant to β-lactamase. Oral. Penicillin β-lactam ring binds to and competitively inhibits transpeptidase --> transpeptidase can't cross link the repeating disaccharide units and peptides that make up the peptidoglycan layer --> bact |
| Ticarcillin | Anti-pseudomonal penicillin. It takes James Bond to kill Pseudomonas with his CAR his TICk and his PIPE bomb. |
| Carbenicillin | Anti-pseudomonal penicillin. It takes Joames Bone to kill Pseudomonas with his CAR his TICk and his PIPE bomb. |
| Piperacillin | Anti-pseudomonal penicillin. It takes Joames Bone to kill Pseudomonas with his CAR his TICk and his PIPE bomb. |
| Name the β-lactamase inhibitors | Clavulanic acid, sulBACTAM, tazoBACTAM. BAC TAM CLAps when you inhibit the β-lactamases. |
| Clindamycin | G+ and anaerobes above the diaphragm |
| How is ampicillin different from amoxicillin? | AmOxicillin has great Oral bioavailability |
| Ampicillin and amoxicillin used on what organisms? | ampicillin and amoxicillin HELPS (+) kill enterococci. Haemophilus influenzae, E.coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus, Salmonella, enterococci. |
| Penicillin used for…. | G = IV, V = oral, G+ rods and cocci, G- cocci, spirochetes, strep pneumoniae |
| Penicillin allergies: rash, hemolytic anemia | rash is Type I, anemia is Type II |
| Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin; cloxacillin, dicloxacillin used for… | Staph aureus, except for MRSA |
| Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin used for | TCP Takes Care of Pseudomonas |
| Cephalosporin mechanism | Penicillin but more resistant to β-lactamases. |
| 1st generation cephalosporins | Penicillin but more resistant to β-lactamases. Little boy playing viOLIN with an EX-bow, PEcK. CefazOLIN, cephalEXin. Proteus, Ecoli, Klebsiella |
| 2nd generation cephalosporins | Penicillin but more resistant to β-lactamases. Older sis that is wearing FAC FOX FUR. Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime. HEN PEcKS. Hemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter, Niesseria, Proteus, Ecoli, Klebsiella, Serratia. |
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | Penicillin but more resistant to β-lactamases. The most NEGATIVE (serious G-) older brother (who has meningitis) TRIes to AX TAZ, the TAX guy. TAZ has Pseudomonas because he TRIes to have sex (gonorrhea). Ceftriaxone, Ceftazadime, Cefotaxime. |
| 4th generation cephalosporins | Penicillin but more resistant to β-lactamases. The POSITIVE oldest sister does ballet and PIRouettes and FlEPs. Cefpiramide, cefepime. Kills G+ and pseudomonas. |
| Name the cephalosporins that kill Pseudomonas | Taz Fep Fop: Ceftazidime (3rd), Cefepime (4th), Cefoperazone (4th) |
| What drug to give for meningitis and why? | Give 3rd generation cephalosporins because they can cross the blood brain barrier: ceftriaxone, cefTAZidime, cefoTAXime. |
| Mechanism of aztreonam | Binds to transpeptidase of G- only. Resistant to β-lactamases. Kills G- and aerobes who wear KaPS. Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia. |
| Who should be given aztreonam | Those allergic to penicillin and those who have renal failure and can't use Aminoglycosides. Those who have |
| Mechanism of Imipenem | Crosses out G+ cocci. Crosses out G- rods. Makes a noose for the anaerobes. Squeezes down in through the porins and binds to transpeptidase. Not broken down by β-lactamase, so bugs develop resistence to Imipenem by making porins smaller and by hydroly |
| Imipenem is DOC for what organism? | Enterobacter |
| Adverse effects of Imipenem | Squeezes through the porin channels so scratch up skin --> skin rash. Squeezed so much --> GI distress. Doubling over for tummy, hit head on side of porin channel --> CNS/seizures. |
| How is meropenem different from Imipenem? | 1. Not susceptible to dihydroxypeptidase so don't have to give with Cilastin, 2. less CNS/seizure effects. |
| Name the antibiotics that are protein synthesis inhibitors | buy AT 30, CELL at 50. Aminoglycosides (bactericidal -- all the others are bacteriostatic), Tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Linezolid/Lincomycin, Clindamycin. |
| Polymyxins B/E | Antibiotics that bind to LPS in cell membranes of G- bacteria & disrupt their osmotic properties with their hydrophobic tail. Polymyxins are cationic, basic proteins that act like detergents. MYXins MIX up membranes, mix up the brain (neurotoxicity), ki |
| Toxicity of chloramphenicol | anemia (dose-dependent), aplastic anemia (irreversible), gray baby syndrome (can't conjugate the drug) |
| Mechanism of chloramphenicol | Inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase |
| Resistance against penicillins and cephalosporins | cleave β-lactamase ring |
| Resistance against aminoglycosides | ations: Modification via acetylation, adenylation, or phosphorylation |
| Resistance against vancomycin | terminal D-ala of cell wall component, which vancomycin binds to, is changed to D-lac ---> decreased vancomycin affinity for the cell wall |
| Resistance against chloramphenicol | modification by acetylation -- pour chloramphenicol is like pouring acid (acetylation) into the bone! |
| Resistance against Macrolides | Methylation of rRNA near erythromycin's ribosome-binding site |
| Resistance against Tetracycline | decrease upTake to increase Transport out of the cell |
| Resistance against sulfonamides (SMX) | altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase), decreased uptake, or increased PABA synthesis |
| Resistance against Amantadine | Antiviral that blocks virus from taking off its viral coat (M2 protein). Resistance - virus makes a mutated M2 protein that Amantadine can't bind to. |
| Resistance against Acyclovir | It needs to be activated/phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase, so viruses that don't have thymidine kinase are therefore resistant to Acyclovir. |
| Resistance against Foscarnet | Anti-viral for HERPES infection (with some anti-HIV action). Pyrophosphate analogue ---| DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. FOScarnet = pyroFOSphate analog. Resistance by mutating the viral DNA polymerase. |
| Resistance against ciprofloxacin | Quinolones inhibit drug synthesis, recombination, and repair by inhibiting DNA gyrase or topoisomerase 4. Genes encoding resistance are chromosomally encoded -- mutations in structural genes for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase type 4. Another chromosomal m |
| Prophylaxis against meningococcal infection | Rifampin DOC |
| Prophylaxis against gonorrhea | Ceftriaxone (3rd generation cephalosporin) |
| Prophylaxis against syphilis | Benzathine penicillin G. Avoid getting syphilis if you get a boyfriend who has a Benz and has got his G thang going on. |
| Prophylaxis against recurrent UTI's | TMP-SMX DOC -- Kit should be on this! |
| Prophylaxis against endocarditis with surgical or dental procedures | penicillins |
| Prophylaxis against Herpes infection in immunocompromised patients | Acyclovir |
Created by:
christinapham
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