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Bio 1500 Test 2 Voc.

TermDefinition
activation energy Energy required to start a reaction; also defined as energy required to overcome the energy barrier to a reaction.
active site Location on an enzyme that where a specific substrate binds.
allosteric activation Binding of a molecule to a site other (allo-) than the active site that positively affects ("activates") the binding of a substrate to the enzyme's active site.
allosteric inhibition The binding of a molecule to a site other (allo-) than the active site which prevents (inhibits) the binding of a substrate to the enzyme's active site; also called non-competitive inhibition.
catalyst Substance that speeds a reaction without taking part in said reaction.
coenzyme Organic cofactor.
cofactor Non-protein enzyme helpers.
competitive inhibition Binding of a molecule to an enzyme's active site, thus blocking ("inhibiting") the binding of the substrate to the active site.
conformation The spatial arrangement of a macromolecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
cooperativity Describes the phenomenon of how one substrate binding to an active site on an enzyme changes the affinity of other active sites to other substrates; a positive regulation of enzyme activity.
enzyme A protein that serves as a catalyst in biochemical reactions.
enzyme-substrate complex Binding of the enzyme to the active site of the substrate.
feedback inhibition A process wherein excess products work to inhibit the mechanisms making products In biochemical pathways, products bind to and inhibit enzymes earlier in the pathway thus shutting down further product formation.
induced fit Current model of substrate binding to active site; binding of substrate causes a temporary conformational change in the enzyme's shape, causing more interactions with the substrate and the active site.
isozyme An enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction as another enzyme, but at a different optimum temperature.
non-competitive inhibition Binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site which prevents ("inhibits") the binding of a substrate to the enzyme's active site.
optimum temperature Temperature at which an enzyme has the highest rate of reaction.
product The result of a chemical reaction. A reaction may have one or more products.
ribozyme An enzyme made of RNA instead of protein.
substrate Any reactant in a biochemical process; usually something that is acted upon by an enzyme.
transition state Intermediate condition of a substrate in a biochemical reaction.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy currency of the cell; composed of a nitrogenous base, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups.
atmosphere Blanket of gases surrounding the Earth.
biogeochemical cycle A cycle that involves the transfer of elements through the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or lithosphere.
biosphere All biomes or ecosystems grouped together.
carbon An element that is the backbone of all organic molecules and life itself.
cellular respiration The process by which energy is released and captured from the breakdown of organic molecules, most notably glucose.
decomposer Organism that feeds on dead and decaying material.
energy Capacity to do work.
lithosphere Earth's solid crust.
matter Anything that has mass and takes up space.
metabolism All vital chemical reactions taking place in an organism, particularly those having to do with energy use and waste excretion.
photon A particle of light.
photosynthesis Use of light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into complex organic molecules.
reservoir Any region that functions as long-term storage of material or resource, such as water, carbon or ions; can be microscopic or macroscopic, a component of geochemical cycles.
water Universal solvent; source of hydrogen and oxygen atoms for living systems.
activation energy Energy required to start a reaction; also defined as energy required to overcome the energy barrier to a reaction.
anabolic reactions Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.
autotroph An organism that can produce its own organic molecules through biochemical processes using energy from light or inorganic molecules; examples are photosynthetic organisms (which are also called photoautotrophs).
catabolic reactions Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.
energy coupling The coupling of energy-releasing (exergonic) reactions to energy-costing reactions (endergonic) with which they share at least one intermediate. Overall, a coupled reaction must have an overall release of free energy.
chemical energy Potential energy stored in bonds between atoms in a molecule.
endergonic Reactions that cost energy. The products have more free energy than the reactants.
entropy Measure of chaos or disorder.
exergonic A reaction that has a net release of energy.
first law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be generated or destroyed; the amount of energy in a closed system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another.
free energy The energy that can be used by a system to perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform; also called Gibbs free energy.
kinetic energy Energy from objects in motion.
laws of thermodynamics Natural laws that describe the behavior of energy in a system.
metabolic pathway Series of steps in which one molecule is converted to another.
metabolism All vital chemical reactions taking place in an organism, particularly those having to do with energy use and waste excretion.
potential energy Energy that is not a result of movement; stored energy with the capacity to do work.
second law of thermodynamics In a closed system, entropy or disorder will always increase.
ATP hydrolysis Release of the third phosphate from ATP, an exergonic reaction.
energy coupling The enzymatic coupling of reactions that share at least one intermediate; an exergonic reaction provides the energy necessary to fuel an endergonic reaction.
exergonic A reaction that has a net release of energy.
Created by: 1005680318
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