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Chapter 7 Cell Funct

Exam II

TermDefinition
gene expression the process by which a gene makes its effect on an cell or organism, usually by directing the synthesis of a protein with a characteristic activity
transcription Copying of one strand of DNA into a complementary RNA sequence, sometimes termed the primary transcript, by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
messenger RNA (mRNA) RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Produced by RNA splicing (in eucaryotes) from a larger RNA molecule made by RNA polymerase as a complementary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes.
general transcription factor Any of the proteins whose assembly around the TATA box is required for the initiation of transcription of most eucaryotic genes.
promoter Nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.
RNA processing Broad term for the modifications an RNA undergoes as it reaches its mature form. For a eucaryotic mRNA, processing typically includes capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.
RNA splicing Process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules in the nucleus during formation of messenger RNA.
small nuclear RNA (snRNA) RNA molecules of around 200 nucleotides involved in RNA splicing.
spliceosome Large assembly of RNA and protein molecules that performs pre-mRNA splicing in eucaryotic cells.
exon Segment of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA and expressed; dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein.
intron Noncoding region of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce mRNA.
genetic code Set of rules specifying the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in DNA or RNA and amino acids in proteins.
reading frame The set of successive triplets in which a string of nucleotides is translated into protein. An mRNA molecule is read in one of three possible reading frames, depending on the starting point.
codon Sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA or messenger RNA molecule that represents the instruction for incorporation of a specific amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain.
anitcodon Sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to the three-nucleotide codon on a messneger RNA molecule; the anticodon is matched to a specific amino acid covalently attached to the transfer RNA molecule.
transfer RNA (tRNA) Set of small RNA molecules used in protein synthesis as an interface (adaptor) between mRNA and amino acids. Each type of tRNA molecule is covalently linked to a particular amino acid.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Enzyme that attaches to correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form an aminoacyl-tRNA.
translation Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein; occurs on a ribosome.
peptide bond Chemical bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid - a special form of amide linkage.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Any one of a number of specific RNA molecules that form part of the structure of a ribosome and participate in the synthesis of proteins. Often distinguished by their sedimentation coefficient such as 28S rRNA or 5S rRNA.
ribosome Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins that associates with messenger RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of protein.
ribozyme An RNA molecule possessing catalytic properties.
Created by: jcamillo
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