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Chapter 5 Cell Funct

Exam II

TermDefinition
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains covalently linked deoxyribonucleic units; serves as the carrier of genetic information
Purine One of the two categories of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA. Examples are adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine One of the two categories of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA. An example is cytosine.
double helix The typical conformation of a DNA molecule in which two strands are wound around each other with base pairing between strands.
antiparallel Describes two similar structures arranged in opposite orientations
complementary Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other. Examples include complementary base pairs, such A and T, and the two complementary strands of a DNA molecule.
base pair Two nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are paired by hydrogen bonds - for example, G with C, and A with T or U
phosphodiester bond A covalent chemical bond formed when two hydroxyl groups are linked in ester linkage to the same phosphate group, such as between adjacent nucleotides in RNA or DNA.
karyotype A display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size, shape, and number.
chromosome Long threadlike structure composed of DNA and associated proteins that carries part or all of the genetic information of an organism. Especially evident in plant and animal cells undergoing mitosis or meiosis.
chromatin Complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins found in the nucleus of a eucaryotic cell. The material of which chromosomes are made.
heterochromatin Region of a chromosome that remains unusually condensed and transcriptionally inactive during interphase.
chromatin remodeling complex Enzyme (typically multisubunit) that uses ATP hydrolysis to alter histone-DNA interactions in eucaryotic chromosomes; the resulting alteration changes the accessibility of the underlying DNA to other proteins, including those involved in transcription.
nucleosome Structural, beadlike unit of a eucaryotic chromosome composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins; the fundamental subunit of chromatin
histone One of a group of basic proteins, rich in arginine and lysine, that are associated with DNA in chromosomes
mitotic chromosome Highly condensed duplicated chromosome with the two new chromosomes still held together at the centromere. A chromosome during the first stages of mitosis
gene Region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic of an organism, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA.
genome The total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism (or the DNA molecules that carry this information)
centromere Constricted region of a mitotic chromosome that holds sister chromatids together; also the site on the DNA where the kinetochore forms and then captures microtubules from the mitotic spindle.
telomere End of a chromosome, associated with a characteristic DNA sequence that is replicated in a special way. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.
interphase Long period of the cell cycle between one mitosis and the next. Includes G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase
mitosis Division of the nucleus of a eucaryotic cell, involving condensation of the DNA into visible chromosomes.
cell cycle Reproductive cycle of the cell: the orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.
S phase Period during a eucaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized.
M phase Period of the eucaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide.
replication origin (origin of replication) Special DNA sequence on a bacterial or viral chromosome at which DNA replication begins.
Created by: jcamillo
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